Supplements to Razkr 30/28 and 30/29 (24 July and 8 August 1967); see also Mushtaq Husains commentary in Razkr 30/43:3 (16 November 1967). 2.086 million and in 19656 Rs. Both he and Qizilbash would be attacked years later for their alleged silence regarding the Muharram 1963 events; see Razkr 36/3031:5 (816 August 1972); 26/45:1 (1 December 1972). It incorporated Ayub Khans Basic Democratswho elected a new National Assembly in April 1962and introduced a presidential system, but upheld all safeguards for minorities included in the 1956 constitution in almost identical wording.47Close One of its new elements was the creation of the Islamic Advisory Council (Majlis-i Mushwarat-i Islm), later renamed the (Advisory) Council of Islamic Ideology (CII).48Close The Council represented an attempt to integrate the reform-minded elements of the religious elite in order to provide Islamic legitimacy to basically secularist and nationalist policies.49Close Assisted by a newly established Islamic Research Institute,50Close it was to work out recommendations on the proper application of injunctions of Islam in legislation and general policies, but was not given any veto powers.51Close Among its eight members appointed in August 1962 was Hafiz Kifayat Husain,52Close who could contribute to its proceedings only until March 1964 when he suffered a stroke.53Close In November 1965 he was finally replaced by Mufti Jafar Husain.54Close It was only during the latters term that recommendations of the CII were of some significance for the Shias.55Close, The years between 1959 and 1962 marked a period of crisis and gradual reorientation of Shia communal activities. Today ijtihd means ab-o-qab; mujtahid means pr and murshid;138Close lim means speaker (muqarrir), and preacher (wiz-o-muballigh) means zkir. This new practice, which has been applied ever since in Pakistan,316Close was ostensibly a balanced precautionary measure against sectarian strife. On the other hand, in October 1961 one S. Hasan Ali Shah Kazimi quoted fatws from both Grand Ayatollahs which seemed to contradict: Borujerdi had considered it more safe (ahwat) to use even the sahm-i imm for the poor sayyids if their part of the khums was not sufficient. Zaidi, Mutlabt aur Khatb-i Azam, p. 81, mentions the elimination of objectionable contents from schoolbooks as the fourth principal demand of the conference. Dihlavi, who feared that agitation in Lahore and elsewhere might turn violent and jeopardise the achievements of three years of Shia communal mobilisation, agreed to these conditions and called off the Lahore Convention.353Close He even allowed Qizilbash to portray himself as having taken over the command of the campaign for the Shia demands. A. Faisal Raza Abidi; Agha Shaukat Ali; Athar Ali (scientist) Zameer Akhtar (Pakistan) 8. With the Shia-Sunni problem on the backburner and public munzart banned since the imposition of martial law, the combative Maulana was apparently eager to open up a new front. Razkr 28/3435:12 (816 September 1965) mentions a pamphlet Mr-i stn (Snake in the sleeve) with heavy accusations against the said traitors published in Karachi in January 1965. al-Muballigh 3/12:2 (January 1960). It was fiercely opposed by Sunni religious parties as well as some Shia ulam for allegedly violating Koranic principles of marriage.34Close Shia protests against new legislation in this field became more widespread in July 1964, when the West Pakistan Assembly passed a bill changing some regulations regarding the rights of inheritance of widows.35Close It was denounced as interference in religion (mudkhalat fd-dn) because it contradicted the fiqh-i jafarya, and the Shia MPAs were blamed for negligence.36Close. If the recommendations of the ten-member Board were not found to be approved fully, he would again call the Shias for a convention.398Close, The mood at the oratory sessions of these two days was one of utmost excitement and vindictiveness towards those who had not supported Dihlavis movement, as some anecdotes may illustrate: Muhammad Bashir Ansari told how Muzaffar Ali Shamsi had assured the Interior Minister that there would be no civil disobedience movement in Rawalpindi, disclosing that those who had courted arrest during the 1950 Narowal agitation had been bought for Rs. 11); see Razkr 29/3435:7+10 (18 September 1966). They were challenged by Kausar Niyazi, (then still a member of the Jamat-i Islm), to say words in praise for the khulaf-i rshidn there and then in order to convince the Sunnis in the audience of their good intentions.103Close. 13940. Pakistan Times, 23 December 1963; Razkr 27/1:12. Dr Zakir Naik - YouTube ), Constitutional Foundations, p. 251, and section 3.2, p. 74. Razkr 31/4243:7. S. Ibn Hasan Najafi, born 1928 in Lucknow, had learned in Najaf during his childhood and moved to Lahore in 1953, where he was a close collaborator of the weekly Razkr. 166, 16970. Pakistan - Religion | Britannica Born in 1899 in the village of Paytan Herhi (Bijnor Dist., U.P.) This book was not only a rejoinder to the detractors of his Ahsan ul-fawid (see above), but a compendium of the doctrines of orthodox Twelver Shiism on the Imams and prophets, their miracles and their special qualities, as laid down by its leading authorities one thousand years ago.280Close Its third chapter dealt with the rejection of tafwz,281Close while its ninth chapter was devoted exclusively to refuting the accusation of Wahhabism levelled against him and his supporters, by explaining the difference between the Wahhabiya and Shiism.282Close But most controversial was the last chapter of the book, which started with the following statement (excerpts): After having refuted the accusation of Wahhabism against some Shia ulam it is now appropriate to disclose a bitter and hidden truth, namely that those professional orators who are denouncing the Shia ulam and muhaqqiqn283Close as muqassir or Wahhabi, and those (outwardly) believers who are caught in their net of falsification, are holding and propagating the false (btil) doctrines of the mufawwiza284Close and the Shaikhiya.285Close With other words, those whose doctrines and beliefs are nowadays understood and accepted as the Shia mazhab are not following the mazhab of the ahl al-bait, but that of the mufawwiza which was led by Shaikh Ahmad Ahsai.286Close Numerous great Shia ulam have proclaimed fatws against the Shaikhiya accusing it of of kufr, How did these corrupted beliefs reach our country, and how did they influence our simple awm? Razkr 24/1415:8. From 1964 to 1970 he was Chairman of the CII; see Rh, Tazkira-yi ulam-i Panjb, Vol. 13536. Some 250 ulam and other Shia delegates gathered at Liaqat Bagh chaired by S. Muhammad Dihlavi, whose leadership received a boost by the event.178Close The meeting was organised by Dr S. Ajmal Husain Rizvi (d. 1997), a philanthropist who was to become an important supporter of the new movement in Rawalpindi.179Close The eight plenary sessions were presided over by renowned notables,180Close and a separate meeting of advocates and other jurists authorised Dihlavi to form an Advisory Board of the MAUSP.181Close One resolution tabled by Mufti Jafar Husain rejected a recent legislative bill of the West Pakistan Assembly concerning the inheritance of widows as an interference with Shia personal law, thus contradicting Article 10 of the 1962 constitution;182Close others repeated the demands of the Karachi Convention.183Close It was also decided that S. Muhammad Dihlavi would once more seek an audience with the President together with the Chairmen of the ITHS and the APSC and submit a memorandum, in order to make clear that these were the demands of all Shias in Pakistan.184Close, Until that time, Nawab Qizilbash and Muzaffar Ali Shamsi had not yet taken any steps disclosing their jealousy of the newly emerged Qid-i Millat. Pakistan Times, 23 December 1963; Urdu translation and comment in Razkr 27/1:12 (1 January 1964). An lim-i dn never makes revolutionary efforts even if he is a mujtahid, he thinks it is best for him to stay always far from striving and labour (jadd-o-jehad) and confine his leadership to guidance regarding some questions of fiqh. See references in Fn 383 to chapter 3 (p. 383). On that occasion, Mushtaq Husain pressed fervently for more radical steps to achieve the objectives of the movement, and it was decided to start country-wide agitation from 1 November if the government would not yield to the Shia demands by 1 October, including the appointment of commissions necessary for implementation.386Close, In the following four months a fierce propaganda campaign was waged by the SMCs, directed against the traitors of Lahore as much as against the temporising of the government. 323; Shaukat Ali, Pakistan, pp. Some delegates of the APSC also participated in the February 1967 convention. It was also attended by Amir Ahmad Khan of Mahmudabad, Ala ud-Din Siddq and the ministers Muhammad Ali Hoti and S. Ahmad Sad Kermani. , Pakistan is a democratic country where the rights of all citizens are equal and where it is a fundamental right to make use of public places for gatherings etc. Muneeb-ur-Rehman (born 1945) It did not take long until he was even accused of preaching Wahhabi doctrines. Detailed reports on the events in Hyderabad are given in Razkr 31/78:13 (1624 February 1968). ed., pp. In the meantime an internal Shia conflict started between the professional preachers (Zakirs), who dominated the religious lives of the common believers, and some zealous religious scholars (Ulama), who accused the greedy Zakirs of distorting Shia beliefs with self-fabricated stories and superstitions. At the same time he had started to preach at majlis and attracted the attention of wealthy sponsors like Nawab Riza Ali Khan of Rampur and Hajji Daud Nsir, a leading member of the Khoja Twelver Shia community of Bombay.160Close In 1937 some enemies in Delhi tried to ruin his reputation by accusing him of rape, but he was cleared of all charges after a lawsuit in which S. Wazir Hasan of Lucknow had taken up his defence and the Nizam of Hyderabad (Deccan) had paid the expenses.161Close In 1939 he toured the Punjab and NWFP to mobilise support for the Tabarr Agitation in Lucknow.162Close When parts of his huge private library were burnt down in Rampur in August 1947 because of his sympathies for Pakistan, he moved to Bombay and started to transfer the remains of his library to Karachi, to where he finally migrated in 1952.163Close He continued to enjoy the patronage of Khoja traders like Hajji Daud Nsir and Ibrahim Pirbhai and was invited to numerous preaching tours in East Africa,164Close Burma, and Middle Eastern countries.165Close Dihlavi also attended some ITHS conventions, but apparently never in a leading position,166Close devoting most of his spare time to studying and writing.167Close, In the early 1960s, however, Dihlavi shared the feeling of many other Shias in Pakistan that something had to be done to overcome the stagnation and inferiority complex of their community, which was then also loosing interest in religious matters. According to the eye-witness Shaiq Ambalvi, higher-ranking police-officers had done their best, but the rank-and-file policemen were afraid to interfere (Razkr 26/32:3; 24 August 1963). A leading member of the JUI since 1948, he was elected to the National Assembly for the first time in 1962 as an independent candidate (Bukhr, Akbir ulam-i Deoband, pp. Zara Sheikh Ithn-ashar muballighn-i Afrq k khidmat mn, Authors interview with S. Jafar Naqvi, Karachi 6 January 2001, He was the former head of the Muslim League in Bombay who moved to Karachi after 1947. He penned poetry about love. Thus in early 1963 the TAS leader Nur ul-Hasan Bukhari took an ITHS convention in Lahore devoted to the demand for separate dnyt as the starting point for a renewed attack on Shia azdr traditions.79Close His editorial in the TAS organ Dawat on 1 February 1963 articulated an interesting new argument against the Shia practices (excerpts): The TAS has been struggling for 12 years that no sectarian majlis, meeting (jalsa) or procession can be held in the settlement of a section of the population if it contradicts its beliefs. Scientists, mathematicians and academics [ edit] . Sometimes I hear the argument that if separate dnyt are introduced there will be a greater barrier between both sects [Sunnis and Shias] and it will have a negative influence on the minds of the children. 1316. 'Every year we dig mass graves': the slaughter of Pakistan's Hazara Whatever the Lord of the Martyrs has endured was only for the sake of reviving Islam. The process against him on different sedition cases would continue for years, however. He also wrote about how rulers disregard the government. This list may not reflect recent changes. The campaign against him was led by Muhammad Bashir Ansari, Muhammad Ismail, Mirza Yusuf Husain and Zamir ul-Hasan Najafi.276Close Dhakko would accuse these ulam and others who had migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 of having always opposed the founding of dn madris in the country because they wanted to safeguard their monopoly of religious learning. In 2012, at least 325 were killed. In Pakistan our ulam have become professional zkirs. S. Abid Husain, a leading landlord of Jhang.16Close The Secretary-General of the ITHS, Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, for his part, was an enthusiastic supporternot to say a flattererof Ayub Khans regime right from the start.17Close In his report on the organisations activities during the preceding years read at an ITHS convention in Lahore (79 April 1961) he said, among other things: The era of martial law has become a blessing for the ITHS, and it has forced those who had conspired against it to retreat from politics.18Close The government of Ayub Khan has destroyed their dream in a humiliating way Now this group of conspirators are passing their days in retirement, while the ITHS is still alive by the grace of God and is performing the task of a spokesman of the Shias very well like before , God be praised, our present ruler is following a neutral policy in religious affairs and is giving complete freedom to all Pakistani citizens of different faiths the sectarian atmosphere in the country has become quite calm, and the situation is improving rapidly. Translated from Razkr 30/78:8 (Resolution No. Section 144 PPC (ban on assemblies) was imposed in the entire Khairpur District thereafter. By 1966 it had become a habit that wherever Shias started building mosques of their own, some local Sunnis would launch a movement against such plans, and in many cases the administration withheld construction permits in order to safeguard public order.318Close. It has been further decided that if a student does not desire to take the subject of Islamiat he shall have the option not to do so. He argued that this religious taxtheoretically one fifth of the net annual savings of the Shia believers217Closecould only be spent for the support of needy sayyids.218Close But this had never been the case in Shia religious practice anywhere. Apart from accusations that armed Shias themselves had provoked the clashes in Lahore,99Close the demand to ban all Shia azdr processions was repeated forcefully at a meeting of six Sunni groups in Lahore on 16 June.100Close A common board was formed comprising the JUI leaders Mufti Mahmud and Ghulam Ghauth Hazarvi as well as Shaikh Husam ud-Din, Master Taj ud-Din Ansari and Shuresh Kashmiri.101Close Hazarvi went as far as accusing fanatic Shia police officers and other civil servants of responsibility for the violence in Muharram.102Close Three weeks later, at a public meeting near the Mochi Gate of Lahores Old City chaired by the D.C. and meant to reconcile local Sunnis and Shias, Hafiz Kifayat Husain and Muzaffar Ali Shamsi repeated the claim that abusing and insulting of any religious authority was absolutely forbidden for Shias. 17678. Mine are listed below (in no particular order): 1. nsib) is a derogatory term used by Shias for those who are blamed for hating the Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib and the ahl al-bait., i.e. 14144; Dogar, Mauln Muhammad Husain Dhakko s 150 sul, pp. Today, too, we stick to the conviction that we must have full religious freedom. 7 Pakistani Celebrities Who are Shia Muslims [Pictures] - Lens The respect for religion is vanishing. The pet object of their diatribes remained azdr processions. On some early preachers of Shaikhiya doctrines in British India see Naqvi, Controversy, pp. See also Ziring, The Ayub Khan Era, pp. Shaiq Ambalvi, for his part, had written in a derogatory way about Dihlavis movement in Asad in early June; see Razkr 30/23:3 (16 June 1967). He and other representatives of the dn madris argued that they had ijzt from the highest Shia dignitaries in Iraq authorising them to use religious taxes the way they did.221Close While polemics and mud-slinging among the Shia ulam in Pakistan were by no means unusual, this was the first major controversy about a purely religious matter carried out in full public, a foretaste of worse to come in the next two decades. 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So if we have nothing to do with Islam, if we flee from acting on the orders of God, then we are certainly enemies of the goals of Husain and lovers of the acts of Yazid. On the collection and disbursement of khums in pre-1856 Lucknow see Cole, Roots, pp. From 1956 onwards he published the fortnightly Sadqat from his residence in Gojra (Lyallpur Dist.). The quarter of Karkh,309Close the walls of Baghdad, the bazaar of Kufa and the court of Damascus are witness that we have not been afraid of any power when raising the voice of truth. By 1963and still todayShia-majority areas were confined to Baltistan and the Gilgit Agency, the Kurram Agency of the NWFP, and scattered villages in the northern and western districts of the Punjab from Sialkot and Rawalpindi down to Rajanpur. According to him, they had considered the Shias of Pakistan a gold-mine, from which they served themselves with both hands, but they had done nothing for promoting the training of much-needed pesh-namz and ulam for performing other religious functions.277Close Such a claim was surely exaggerated, considering that the said ulam and some other opponents of Dhakko had themselves contributed to the founding of dn madris,278Close but it was not altogether wrong. A remarkable greeting address was sent to Multan from S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi, who could not attend the convention due to illness. See section 4.1, p. 106. For the sake of letting us live according to our beliefs and convictions. These were Amjad Ali and Ghulam Ali Talpur (Aziz, Party Politics in Pakistan, p. 268). The traditional garment of Shia ulam, here in the sense of the ulam themselves. Kausar Niyazi in his editorial in Shihb (see above, Fn 99) had reminded of the fact that the route of the main procession in Lahore had been fixed in the late nineteenth century when the population of the city was only 250,000 and that it was narrow and difficult and passing near centres of sectarian tensions (Razkr 26/23:3). Her first attempt towards a successful career started through an ad campaign for one the famous cellular service providers; MOBILINK, in which her first appearance was there all across the billboards in Pakistan. For 40-year-old Tehseen, Kashif was her whole world. (retd.) By 1964 he was again very active in this field, apparently still enjoying privileged access to the ruling circles.14Close Among those disqualified through EBDO were also his distant relative Mumtaz Husain Qizilbash (18971964), who had been Chief Minister of the Khairpur State from 1948 until its dissolution in 1955 and later a minister of the West Pakistan government,15Close and Col. Almost all of the people of Pakistan are Muslims or at least follow Islamic traditions, and Islamic ideals and practices suffuse virtually all parts of Pakistani life. In British India there had been four official holidays in Muharram which had been cut down to one after 1947. Since 1958 he lived in Karachi, serving for the Publications Department of the government and later teaching at Karachi University. ; its members were S. Muhammad Dihlavi, Prince Abbas Mirza, S. Hatim Alavi, S. Zafar Hasan Amrohavi and S. Israr Husain. For achieving that goal it has chosen the method of violence. 4245. The ITHS and APSC have taken pity on them but their presence in both organisations has been confined to serve as stage decoration or to hold confused speeches. On 10 Muharram 1382H (12 June 1962) sectarian clashes were reported only from Karachi (Razkr 25/2223:2). Mukhtar Faizi (USA) Quote Model. Razkr 31/4243:1+2 (1624 November 1958). Mrs. Jinnaha Shia like her late brotherhad been named the candidate of the Combined Opposition Parties on 18 September 1964. In July that year, S. Mushtaq Husain claimed that there were 250 SMCs with 10,000 razkrs ready for marching (Supplement to Razkr 30/28). Razkr 22/2:3 (16 January 1959), quoting from Martial Law Rules No. He is probably referring to Abd ul-Ali al-Haravi (18611922) and his disciple S. Muhammad Sibtain Sirsavi; see Naqvi, Controversy, p. 139; on these two ulam see also Naqv, Tazkira, pp. We have to give our young generation religious instruction according to our beliefs. See reports in Razkr 31/4243:38; Paym-i Amal 12/10:249 (December 1968); al-Muntazar 10/19:69 (20 November 1968). They were also asked to organise at least one hour weekly of religious instruction for Shia pupils at their place, to found dn madris if possible, and to teach the small children at least ten minutes daily about religion in their homes. We Shia ulam have decided to unite the Shias of Pakistan and help the government to keep Pakistan firm and stable 174Close. 789. The names of those ulam, which are prohibited from entering certain districts for periods from 30 to 90 days on orders of the respective D.C.s, are regularly being published in the Pakistani press shortly before Muharram. This is causing considerable heartache for us, because we are seeing the future of our qaum in black colours.80Close. Zara Sheikh is a famous Pakistani model, actress and also a good singer. Razkr 23/15:3 (16 April 1960). ; its members included Prince Abbas Mirza and S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi (Karachi); S. Abd ul-Jalil Gardezi, S. Ali Husain Shah Gardezi and Pir S. Naubahar Shah (Multan); S. Mubarak Ali Shah and S. Ghulam Abbas (Jhang). The text quoted above contains perhaps the most honest explanation ever given by the TAS for its fierce opposition against Shia public religious ceremonies. In 1947 he moved to Karachi where he founded a Dr ul-Ulm and became known as the Grand Mufti of Pakistan; see Bukhr, Akbir ulam-i Deoband, pp. Was it the purpose of the martyrdom of Husain that majliskhwn would become a trade? He was apparently referring to Shia rivals of the ITHS in the first place, but possibly also to politicians who backed Sunni extremists. Mufti Mahmud (190980) was born in a village near Dera Ismail Khan (NWFP) and graduated from different Deobandi dn madris in Northern India until 1941. Such doctrines centred around a number of superhuman qualities attributed to the ahl al-bait, such as their creation from light instead of earth, their omnipresence and omniscience and the delegation of some of Gods powers to them (tafwz), as well as some forms of reverence for them in religious practice, like the inclusion of Al walyullh in the call for prayer, the expression Y Al madad for greeting and seeking the help of the Imams in prayers (istimdd).255Close The professional preachers were accused of spreading such doctrines among the Shia awm for the sake of popularity, because it flattered the self-esteem of the ordinary Shia believers to have the highest possible notions of their Imams powers. Among Sunnis, Sufism is extremely popular and influential. An All-Pakistan Shia Mutlabt Convention in Multan on 2728 August 1966 turned out an important milestone of the SMC Movement. A prominent Shia cleric has been shot dead in the Pakistani city of Lahore, sparking an outcry from members of the city's Shia community. 6.). I.e. Sectarian elements are trying to create so much enmity between Shias and Sunnis that they go at each others throats, and Pakistan will get finished they are following the policy of the British and the Hindus. 13942, 42148. Muzaffar Ali Shamsi explicitly denied any responsibility of the government, the Lahore administration or the police when interrogated by the Inquiry Commission (Razkr 26/31:9; see below). Shortly after an independent branch of the ITHS was set up in Karachi; see also section 4.5, p. 138. They cannot agree with each other on the organisation of the dn madris because it would be detrimental to their zkir-business They take fees of 100 Rupees for a majlis and make themselves ghzs of the word with expensive ab-o-qab, sumptuous pulpits and the art of rhetoric, but leave work and efforts for the people and prefer serenity for themselves 143Close, These were notably the views of a man who had some years earlier been referred to as the most sincere person of our qaum by the editor of al-Muballigh, the mouthpiece of the orthodox ulam.144Close In fact many of the latter fully shared his misgivings about the zkirs,145Close although they would probably not have agreed with the way he was putting ulam and zkirs into one basket.