sourceb. surface; diminishb. mental set, When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?a. /Subtype /Type1 an initial stateb. You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves, Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people. colorc. /Subtype /Type1 This research is an example of ______ research. /Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis endobj The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using, Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. >> /Type /Font Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known asa. In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Experts _____ than novices.a. endobj /BaseFont /Courier-Oblique Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as -intermediate states -subgoals -operators -mental sets. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem . The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involvinga. object with a specific function. Intermediate states can be created bya. insight.b. b. was whether warmth ratings would predict problem solving dierently depending on whether the problems were multistep problems/puzzles (e.g., the Tower of Hanoi task), or vignette descriptions previously demonstrated to give rise to insight solutions (e.g., the "water lilies problem"). b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. It is the cornerstone of creativity. Metcalfe and Wiebe /Name /F6 rise suddenly just; gradually r. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)a. novel object.b. stationaryb. This experiment studies____ reasoning. intermediate states.b. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. demonstrate a difference between how people. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the problem. exemplar; source. >> b. striate nucleus; locus coeruleus, 24. 5 0 obj 18 0 obj Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man /XObject 19 0 R Dual systems theory suggests that we have two systems that operate in cognition: one involving a fast, intuitive, non-conscious process, and the other, a slower, reflective, conscious processing system. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Quiz 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/quiz-12-2532023","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. << knottedd. mental sets. a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. The correct option is b). The purpose of this experiment was to 27. Divergent thinking is defined as an idea generating process wherein an i Divergent thinking, exploring many solutions in a creative way, was used in the classroom. /Subtype /Type1 She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. ______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific charac. d. degree of risk aversion one has. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. analogiesb. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweightb. << c. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC ] ill-defined; Gestaltb. /Name /F12 Curious is studying the effect of _____, In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem.a. Tower of Hanoic. endobj Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT Bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. a. the representativeness heuristic. Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. operators.c. structural features.d. Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is _______. b. general principles that problems share. >> c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. has a correct answer. operatorsc. This is an example of the bias. << Add to folder schemas. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. /Type /Page she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.v. Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? << /Type /Font prior learning facilitating problem solving.b. surface features.b. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. One stop for all your course learning material, explainations, examples and practice questions. In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves. flexibilityd. Goal is to tie two strings together which are too far apart to be reached. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problemsd. << well-definedd. a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside acircle, was proposed to illustrate: a. Howanalogies can be used to solve problems. Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice targetc. The purpose of this experiment was to : . /Subtype /Type1 endobj Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ______ problem. insufficient-intensi, Gentner and coworkers' studies show that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.a. In analogical problem solving, the_____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. <> /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. goalc. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.a. their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves: the Tower or Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach. /Encoding 16 0 R I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. a single correct answerd. Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Please select the correct language below. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.d. are better at reasoning in generalc. Gestalt psychologist consider problem solving as a process involving, a sudden realization of a problems solution. search. /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding 16 0 R 9 0 obj When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. /BaseFont /Helvetica-BoldOblique Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Wally and Sharon are out on a date. 4 0 obj Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems Continuing to take the street to the north represents ___________. laboratory and real-world settings.c. Identifying techniques of problem solving. a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. The purpose of the experiment was to; demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. /degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. >> surface features.b. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. by wmowel11@me.com, The purpose of the experiment was to; a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. Which of the following is a barrier or obstacle to solving problems. a person is attending to while solving a problem. d. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. surface and deep structures.d. d. It has a single correct answer. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. c. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. When a tsunami happens, and an oceanic and continental plate collide, which plate is pushed underneath? mental sets. /BaseFont /Times-Roman the water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from: seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. See Page 1. familiar object.c. This particular discussion suggests that _______ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking. Cassandra is using what approach to solve her problem? b. laboratory and real-world settings. spend less time analyzing problemsb. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically towards the solution of a non-insight problem. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem.a. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. With th, The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects, is an example ofa. a. spend less time analyzing problems, b. are better at reasoning in general, c. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems, d. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. History 1301-Ch. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. was to: demonstrate a diff. b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. To test this hypothesis, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants insight problems, like the ones in the demonstration below, and noninsight problems and had them make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds, as they were working on the problems. asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. She takes the street to the north. how analogies can be used to solve problems.b. a. representation and restructuring. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. problem 1 can be solved by b-a-2c and works for all problems however. compared performance with 2 groups and gownd the second group used short we solution for 7 and 8 where only 23 in first group used faster problem =, mental set created by solving proems 1-6 inhibited them from sing the simple solution for 7 and 8 =, newell and simon 1972 saw problems in terms of, conceived the problem solving as involving a sequence of choices of step with each step creating an intermediate state =, initial state, goal state and all intermediate states, all possible configurations of discs on pegs =, according to newell and simon participant has to search the problem space to find a solution and one way to direct the search is to use strategy called, reduce the difference between initial and goal states and is achieved by sbgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal, problem solving involved searching for the best possible solution or the one hat creates the least amount of difference =, difficult tp specify a clear goal state many real lief problems, problems that have a correct answer usually procedures when applied will lead to a solution, technique of using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem, how people can transfer their experience from solving one problem to solving another similar problem, to study enological transfer participants who are trying to solve a __________ presented with a story or problem called _____ illustrates a way to solve target problem, radiation and cancer tumor - doctor faced with problem o get rid of tumor but can only get rid of it using high intensity radiation but the healthy tissue will be destroyed if use such intensity what do you do, 10% of participants arrived at solution to bombard tumor with number of low intensity rays from different directions which decoyed tumor without damaging tissue the rays are passing through =, specific elements that make up the problem such as the rays and the tumor this makes noticing difficult because people tend to focus on surface features, underlying principle that governs the solution 0 weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, structural features in tick and holyoak 1980 =, weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, by making surface features more similar it helps participants notice the relationship between source story and target story =. According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is, One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem for aliens. 3 0 obj This is an example of an, 18. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. 8. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted junk mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known asa. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. Mental Set The key to the solution is to overcome functional fixedness. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a: Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. >> 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. functional fixednessb. /Name /F8 emotional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n). Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. 40. Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)gave participants problems that required insightful solutions and problems that could be answered using incremental problem-solving techniques.While attempting to solve problems,they asked the participants to report if they felt they were getting closer to the answer,using a hot-cold scale.Reports that they were getting "warm" predicted the ability to solve: b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. d. tendency to detect when others are cheating. is open-ended.b. This research is an example of _____ research. b. how useful a reasoning process is. b. The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. 240 METCALFE AND WIEBE mental warmth protocols than would insight problems.We also expected that people would have more accuratemetacognitions (about how well they would be able tosolve problems and which problems they would be ableto solve) for the noninsight than for the insight problems. The purpose of this experiment was to: a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor, b. /eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide c. low capacity for divergent thinking, Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make " warmth " judgments ever 15 seconds to indicate how close the felt they were to a solution . The purpose of this experiment was toa. How will Janet retrieve the book? The purpose of this experiment was to. parity.d. how to d. What information a person is attending to while solving a problem. a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. 34. Novel objects before a function was described. creating subgoals, In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checker-board problem.