Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. Do you agree with this alignment? Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. Most of them were generated from the Sagiang Fault Zone of Myanmar, as mentioned, 1) 23rd May 1912 2) 23rd May 1912 3) 8th August 1929 4) 5th May 1930 5) 3rd December 1930 6) 4th December 1930 7) 4th December 1930 8) 21st March 1954 9) 8th October 2006 10) 12th December 2006. Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States?! Figure 1. Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip. There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. <> WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an earthquake produces, or the size of its waves. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. Springfield, IL: "Most of the hotel guests were abruptly awoken by a strong tremor last night", 25. Hanging objects quivering. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. However, according to the limitation of the political and economic situation, seismic hazard assessment and action is seemingly not recognized within the top priorities in Myanmar. [14], as shown in Equation (1). It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Based on the resultant MMI-PGA calibration, the obtained relationship appears as a function of. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? "', 7. Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Subpages of this template. Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 453-472. amount of energy released during an earthquake. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. ), check out this current USGS earthquakes map. This is a semi-quantitative scale used to evaluate ground shaking Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. Usually (but not always) the highest intensities are Small objects moved. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. =\YUgeFY#r\Qsa7`og:_:U7h|3o bR9c[O?qCvm(3yoQ^JJ[6t^C5b&jk$ox*o u&l[j}psjs.vBt/T@U_t/GONY|LP +:i.&TpN;0gM[URRY" On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. Agency, FEMA 159, April 1999, published by the National Science WebWhat is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale? Steering of automobiles affected. WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. The Richter magnitude is based on the wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. Owen Hall Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes With the use of an intensity scale, it is possible to summarize such data for an earthquake by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. stream VI. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Are there any suggestions for improvement? 4 0 obj Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors. Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. Masks are expected for indoor activities. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. Some dishes, windows broken. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x Feel free to visit the log calculator if you feel like you could use a refresher. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. We acknowledged thoughtful comments and suggestions by the Editor-In-Chief and anonymous reviewers which enhanced the quality of this manuscript significantly. Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. ", 17. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed. ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s To know more about this fascinating topic, make sure to check out this excellent video by IRIS Earthquake Science Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Small slides and caving along. 438483. ", 3. Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. developed in 1931. and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. Small objects moved. Sleepers awaken. Objects thrown up into the air. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! The scale was developed at the turn of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently revised by American seismologists H.O. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. This is a public event. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. It's actually a much broader term. Pendulum clocks may stop). WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. It is common to find intensities ranging by 1 unit in a neighbourhood, and not unusual to find values 2 or more. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. Doors swing, open, close. Make sure you understandEarthquake! I. These are briefly detailed as follows. WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. ", 5. Financial support is acknowledged from the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University through the Thai Government Stimulus Package 2 (TKK2555: PERFECTA); The National Research University Project of CHE; and the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund (Project Code CC508B). WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic ( edit | history) Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox ( edit | diff) and testcases ( edit) pages. After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. The preliminary relationship between the MMI and PGA is reported to be a function of log10(PGA) = 0.2526MMI 3.1006. ", 12. Total damage. Tremor Troop Earthquakes, Federal Emergency Management Do you agree with this alignment? Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 13, 1-147. Difficult to stand. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Jackson, MS: "Broken plaster was noted in the entry to the old City Hall building. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum. Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. Lexington, KY: "Mama Leone's Restaurant reported that several plates and dishes fell off of their shelves and broke. Branches broken from trees, General panic. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. (1999) TriNet Shakemaps: rapid generation of peak ground motion and intensity maps for earthquakes in southern California. 2 0 obj Compared with the previously proposed MMI-PGA relationships for other regions, the standards/provisions of building construction in Myanmar is not high enough to withstand the hazards from earthquakes, particularly at higher levels of ground motion. Furniture broken. Intensity. to poorly built structures. Theodulides, N.P. Difficult to stand. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). 135-138. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. Log In or Register. ", 9. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National Wholesale destruction. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Global Significant Earthquake Database. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. The methodology is simple. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the IU. Ground badly cracked. Note that the effects on a particular area are highly dependent on the type of construction in the area. ", 19. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related substrate, the buildings, etc. We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. . Trifunac, M.D. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! IX. In summary, the data of macroseismic intensity obtained from these 10 collected isoseismal maps have a MMI level in the range of II-IX and so cover almost all of the standard MMI levels (i.e., I-XII), to allow an investigation into the relationship between the MMI and PGA. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. Objects thrown into the air. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. on observed effects. shaking. ground. Total damage. in Los Angeles. Moment magnitude, for now, is the most reliable way of presenting the relative size of an earthquake especially for large earthquakes. II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! put into trial operation in Ankara, Turkey. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Trees and poles ", 22. The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately The first is the Mw- 5.0 earthquake that occurred on the 8th October 2006 in the southern part of Thailand [9], whilst the second is the Mw 4.6 earthquake located at Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand [10]. Quality, Department Wholesale destruction. How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? be found on pg. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. Objects thrown up into air. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale - A copy of the The European (MSK) scale of 12 grades is similar to the abridged version of the Mercalli. The uncertainties in the variables used in the damage estimation should also be discussed. Damage nearly total. Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. Ground badly cracked. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Photographs will be taken throughout the day. VIII. Tell students to label and illustrate the cover. Microearthquakes, usually not felt. An official website of the United States government. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Historical documents indicate that a severe earthquake occurred somewhere in the Midwest, and the effects were felt over a wide area. 3 - Ground cracking, Most buildings destroyed. How much bigger was it? Wide cracks in ground. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. (1958) Elementary seismology. A fun and Persons walk unsteadily. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? the last several hundred years. Duration can be estimated. Stay inside until the shaking stops. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. Kramer, S.L. The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. The one currently used in the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale developed in 1931. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Indicate the intensity values on the map. An earthquake has one magnitude. Grey thin lines illustrate the earthquake faults based on Bender et al. Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. Thanks to this earthquake calculator, you can: Check the approximate energy release of an earthquake in energy release equivalents (such as tons of TNT, atomic bomb energies, and volcanic eruptions). Trees, bushes shake. With the advent of current instrumental seismology, the correlation between the felt macroseismic intensity with engineering groundmotion parameters has become a topic of increasing interest. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. WebDownload scientific diagram | Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and PGV. Ground cracked noticeably. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. Cut all necessary paper needed for the class activity. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Rhodes, B.P., Perez, R., Lamjuan, A. and Kosuwan, S. (2004) Kinematics and tectonic implications of the Mae Kuang Fault, northern Thailand. Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u!
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