The major problems facing today's ecosystems are caused by: Habitat loss and degradation. Correspondence to (A biological community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.) Construction, agriculture, and food and beverages are the largest highly nature-dependent industries, with an economic value roughly twice the size of Germany's economy; China, the EU and the US have the highest absolute economic value in nature-dependent industries Cambridge University Press. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. Glob Change Biol 26:61346155. In fact, tropical rain forests have the most diversity. We conducted a systematic literature review to explore the potential opportunities for the application of NbS in rural drylands across the globe. The health of grasslands all over Central Asia has been severely compromised by anthropogenic activities and climate change over the past several decades (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019). http://nsdg.stat.uz/en, Thorslund J, Jarsjo J, Jaramillo F, Jawitz JW, Manzoni S, Basu NB, Destouni G (2017) Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. The Elements of Biodiversity - Biological Diversity The ecosystem is thus a biodiversity hotspot and as per the table, the ecosystem X gets more of the high temperature and has s size square of 100 miles. The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). Parks 27:193196. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-4677-1, Kim J, Song C, Lee S, Jo H-W, Park E, Yu H, Lee W-K (2020) Identifying potential vegetation establishment areas on the dried Aral Sea floor using satellite images. This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Local, national, andinternational organizations are cooperating to preserve the biodiversity of regions threatened by development or natural disasters.UNESCOsWorld Heritage Siteprogram recognizes areas of global importance, such as the enormous wetland region of thePantanalin South America. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. The issue with low plant survival rates on the dried-out seabed in Uzbekistan is not uncommon: according to Shomurodov et al., (2021), survival rate of plant species in afforested areas is as low as 20%. Many conservationists emphasize that the places with the most imperiled species arent the only important ones to safeguard. Rome, Feng S, Fu Q (2013) Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Biomes are characterized by their climate, which determines the particular plants found there. The issues with human-biodiversity interaction in wetlands, where artemia is grown and harvested, sustainability of yields, water availability and its quality yet need to be researched to comply with NbS criteria. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, Schad P (2014) World reference base for soil resources 2014. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, Schlter M, Khasankhanova G, Talskikh V, Taryannikova R, Agaltseva N, Joldasova I, Abdullaev U (2013) Enhancing resilience to water flow uncertainty by integrating environmental flows into water management in the Amudarya River, Central Asia. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Drylands, which are among the worlds most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change and cover a little less than the half of the global terrestrial surface, were the focus of this study. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.022, Lw F, Dimov D, Kenjabaev S, Zaitov S, Stulina G, Dukhovny V (2021) Land cover change detection in the Aralkum with multi-source satellite datasets. Moreover, literature review explicitly revealed that wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has never been documented as a nature-based solution, nor has rangeland restoration been. NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin were reported to have been impacted by anthropogenic activities that led to the degradation of vegetation in the riparian zone (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). The Biden administration has set a goal to conserve and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. World of Biology. (2020a) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5091575, Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PH, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Antonelli A (2021) Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. R Soc Open Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201847, Aladin NV, Chida T, Chuikov YS, Ermakhanov ZK, Kawabata Y, Kubota J, Zaitzev VF (2018) The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas. Afforestation, as recently seen as a major viable solution to rehabilitate the ecosystems of the dried-out Aral Seabed, has a number of benefits and yet challenges that need to be balanced out before any decision is made on increasing investments in plantations. UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, First ed. Just one small section of the Escambia River, which flows through the Florida Panhandle, is home to two imperiled mussel species, along with a turtle and crayfish also at risk of extinction. LA. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Considering that the main soil types in the exposed seabed are solonchaks (with high concentration of soluble salts) and takyrs (heavy-textured soils under arid conditions)Footnote 10, that have low organic carbon content (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), monitoring of afforested lands is critical to better examine the impact of tree plantations on soils (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). Based on the focussed case study literature review we conducted, we now focus on discussing four of the above-mentioned major nature-based solutions, which are relevant to the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region. Maps like these offer a valuable tool to officials and conservationists who are scrambling to protect biodiversity. Otherwise you might gain a large percentage of area protected but you have done very little in actually safeguarding species.. The white ferula mushroom, adelicacythat only grows on the Italian island of Sicily, helps decompose organic compounds such as plants. Some human activities have indirect but wide-reaching effects on biodiversity as well, including climate change and pollution. projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature's . Remote Sens Environ 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112695, Ragab R, Prudhomme C (2002) Climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: Prospective and challenges for the 21st century. D Z Which statements describe the relationship between the area and the biodiversity of an ecosystem? UNEP (2022) Draft resolution on nature-based solutions forsupporting sustainable development. Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Part of Springer Nature. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Discover Life in America: All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Database. The results from both publication databases were downloaded in a BibTex format, sorted into eighteen subject-specific databases corresponding to keywords used in JabRef reference manager software, then merged to cross-check for duplicates, and further content analysis was carried out. Conserv Biol 33:812820. 3. Sci Total Environ 709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136060, Lioubimtseva E, Henebry GM (2009) Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. Pesticides and erosion from human activity make matters worse. Additional keywords were used to include the most frequent interventions in the Aral Sea region mentioned in the literature: afforestation AND Aral Sea, saxaul AND Aral Sea, artemia AND Aral Sea. Rangeland/grassland restoration can reduce net soil CO2 emissions, conserve biodiversity, soil and water resources (Abdalla, Mutema, Chivenge, Everson, & Chaplot, 2022), (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), and thus have a climate mitigating factor. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). When people introduce species from one part of the world to another, they often have no naturalpredators. There is a whole state program for the development of the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan as a zone of ecological innovations and technologies supported by a special Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly (United Nations General Assembly, 2021), which stipulates an increase in the area of afforested lands in the former seabed. We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. FAO Forestry Paper No. With a closer look, we can see invertebrates and worms under leaves, on grasses and in the pond water. Scientists estimate that species are dying out at hundreds of times the natural rate.A major reason for the loss of biodiversity is that natural habitats are being destroyed. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Agrofor Syst 66:129141. Life Science - Biodiversity Flashcards | Quizlet https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.014, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region. Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the - Springer Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. Biodiversity can also be harmed byintroduced species. It has more land under biodiversity protection than any other of the lower 48 states, but its also home to high concentrations of imperiled species that live outside of those areas. However, the long-term impact of drainage water, most importantly its quality, on the biodiversity of wetlands does not seem to have been thoroughly examined to tell whether the approach can be justified. Springer Netherlands. Biome is another name for a distinct type of ecosystem. Powerful PollinatorsBees, birds, and other creatures pollinate 75 percent of the world's major crops. Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their However, within the dried-out Aral Seabed, there are different types of soils, some of which are not suitable for afforestation due to the high salt and sand contents (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). The Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, established in 1998 specifically to implement projects of the Aral Sea Basin Programs (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022a), has been undertaking activities on restoring and creating wetlands in the southern Aral Sea region with the financial support of the government of Uzbekistan since 1995 (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022b). Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. Between 1990 and 2005, the amount of forested land in Honduras, for instance, dropped 37 percent.As habitats shrink, fewer individuals can live there. With its large geographic extent and range of ecosystems from tundra to tropical forests, the United States has incredibly high levels of biodiversity. Climate change and biodiversity loss arguably represent the most substantial challenges to ecosystem health and supply of nature's contributions to people (NCP) ().They also directly and indirectly affect human health and well-being and the functioning and sustainability of human societies at the global scale (2, 3).Increases in greenhouse gas emissions now exceed 55 billion tonnes of carbon . rep., United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme. Hence, the degradation of rangelands in Central Asia represents a substantial threat to the communities who rely upon them, having been long engaged in pastoralism. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. How urban centers across the globe help boost biodiversity. Publications that did not include nature-based solutions as a specific term, but included the term ecosystem-based approaches were still considered based on the content and relevance to the subject area and the geographic focus. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. This state-by-state analysis of U.S. biodiversity ranks all 50 states on several key biological characteristics, including diversity of species, endemism, levels of rarity and risk, and species already lost to extinction. People are also working to limit pollution and restore coral reef ecosystems in the area. However, temperatures above warm will affect biodiversity as oxygen is less soluble in hot waters and some species do not survive in this condition. Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. . Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries globally, with many plants, animals and ecosystems found nowhere . https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/drylands_and_land_degradation_issues_brief_0.pdf, IUCN (2020) Guidance for using the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: first editions. Rangelands in the Aral Sea basin represent not just significant economic and environmental value to local stakeholders, but also cultural values (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). According to Li et al. So, the ecology of the region has been altered drastically in a very short period of time (several decades). All dogs are part of the same species, but their genes can dictate whether they are Chihuahua or a Great Dane. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012, Kasprzykowski Z, Goawski A, Mitrus C, Staski T (2014) A comparison of the structure of 2 waterbird assemblages during postbreeding movements in the arid zone of Uzbekistan. Private landowners may be reluctant to report them or allow surveys for fear of the restrictions that could follow if they are found. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. APES Unit 2 AP Classroom questions Flashcards | Quizlet Species diversity is only one part of biodiversity. A helpful way to understand genetic diversity is to think about dogs. (2023)Cite this article. The focal case study areathe Aral Seaprimarily transitioned from one of the largest inland water bodies in the world into a sandy desert over the course of several decades, still contains the small remnant southern Aral Sea, the existence of which remains under threat due to the absence of water inflow and high evaporation rates. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. Officials may not know where they are. Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.03.001, An J, Chang H, Han SH, Khamzina A, Son Y (2020) Changes in basic soil properties and enzyme activities along an afforestation series on the dry Aral Sea Bed, Kazakhstan. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. Parks 27:712. WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. In fact, new ecosystems were created twice in the place of once fourth largest inland water body on the planet: a desert (Aralkum) was formed initially, which is now being replaced by afforested areas. Species that are now abundant arent going to be if we dont protect some of these other habitats, said Brian ODonnell, the director of Campaign for Nature, a coalition of conservation groups. A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. Afforestation using native salt- and drought-tolerant species is another alternative to restore degraded desert landscapes, which has direct applicability to the dried-out Aral Seabed (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Toderich, et al., 2013b), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. Sudochye-Akpetki state wildlife sanctuaryFootnote 6 total area: 2805.07km2, year of designation: 2021. Later, the IUCN and the European Commission reframed NbS with the IUCNs definition being most cited (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), and formally acknowledged recently by the UN during the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly by adopting a Resolution on nature-based solutions for supporting sustainable development (UNEP, 2022). Check all that apply. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species are threatened with extinction. However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Nockrach M, Kalantari Z (2019) The Potential of Wetlands in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. In the long term, populations of Central Asian countries are likely to suffer from the severe consequences of land degradation, desertification and food security issues imposed by climate change if no immediate actions for adaptation and mitigation are taken. The governments of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been undertaking large-scale afforestation activities on the dried-out Aral Seabed over the past several decadesFootnote 1 to mitigate the impacts of frequent dust storms both on the population and the environment. 3). o innate immune system Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. Along with a newly formed desert ecosystem, the desiccation has brought about a number of environmental, social and economic challenges to the region, impacting millions of people residing in the Aral Sea basin (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000). https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. While Earths biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earths magnificent biodiversity at risk. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. United Nations General Assembly (2021) Seventy-fifth session. Retrieved from https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2019-04/Uzbekistan LDN TSP Country Report_0.pdf, Sweeney OF, Turnbull J, Jones M, Letnic M, Newsome TM, Sharp A (2019) An Australian perspective on rewilding. Saigachiy complex (landscape) nature reserveFootnote 4 total area; 6283km2, year of designation: 2016. J Arid Land 11:114. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. Based on the information in the chart. Qi L, Yao Y, English DE, Ma R, Luft J, Hu C (2021) Remote sensing of brine shrimp cysts in salt lakes. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. 184. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Tech. Protected areas, as a means of environmental restoration on a wider landscape scale by encompassing multiple ecosystem types, seem to have more of a quantity rather than a quality approach in Uzbekistan. Pollution. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. It is clear that deeper research is needed in terms of the impact these ecosystem changes might have in the long term, as well as their self-sustaining capacities, and the timespan it takes to balance out the investments and the potential benefits. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Endemic speciesspecies that are only found in one particular locationare also found in hotspots.
Fontana Syrup Website,
Avenue George V Paris Jacket,
Vintage Masonic Past Master Rings,
Articles W