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This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. The highest frequencies of E-M123 are observed in Jordan (31% near the Dead Sea), Ethiopia (5-20%), Israel/Palestine (10-12% among the Palestinians and the Jews), among the Bedouins (8%), in Lebanon (5%), in North Africa (3-5%), Anatolia (3-6%) and southern Europe, particularly Italy (1 to 8%), in the Spanish region of Extremadura (4%), and the Balearic islands of Ibiza and Minorca (average 10%). A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. That would mean that the M81 lineage only started to expand in Roman times, and continued to diffuse within all the borders of the Roman Republic/Empire - not just North Africa, but also Iberia, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. The third are the Goths. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1* defined by U290 in the absence of U181 with a TMRCA of 14131725 YBP is similar to that of E1b1a8 and may be interpreted in the same way. and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. Google Scholar. For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). [25] Nana was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2b3a. [25] Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and L3e2b. Amorim et al. E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). Therefore, it is unlikely that the absence of this haplogroup is due to drift after the initial stage of expansion when only a small number of individuals may have been involved or is simply not being observed in the present study. Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. . Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. [12], E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. 2018). Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. Alexander's conquest of the Middle East would have taken Greek male lineages much further afield, perhaps as far as Afghanistan and Pakistan, although only at trace frequencies. volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). For other uses, see. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. Lazaridis et al. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. The samples were classified into groups primarily by cultural identity, first language spoken and then by place of collection. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Veeramah et al. See also : Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe. [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. He is the nephew of screenwriter, film director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, who shares the same haplogroup. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. E1b1a is an African lineage that expanded from northern Africa to sub-Saharan and equatorial Africa with the Bantu agricultural expansion. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR et al. Author: Maciamo Hay. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. Science 2003; 300: 597603. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. Beleza S, Gusmao L, Amorim A et al. "E3a" redirects here. (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. Montano et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan. Farming, languages, and genes. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. It is likely that most E-V13 in the Middle East is ultimately of Greek or Roman origin, although some might have come with Bronze Age Indo-European migrations via Iran. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. 438=10 is a normal value. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. As of November 2016, he was the 12th richest person in the world. e1b1a is Bantu? Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123.

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