The church is a spiritual body, an organism, and each believer is a member with special functions and tasks to carry out, but the primary need so essential to functioning as God has designed the church is right theology (teaching) and understanding of the Word, along with its personal application for Christ-like living. 3. Pauls missionary journeys occupied approximately the years A.D. 48-56. Most of Pauls letters to Christians of different cities and towns begin with three things. Because of the riot caused by silversmiths (Acts 19:23-41) Paul departed from Ephesus for Macedonia (Acts 20:1) in the spring of A.D. 56. When we think of Christ we dont always reflect on the stunning power that comes from the perfect unity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, but it is picture of unity Christ desires for his church. The Personal Circumstances of Paul in Rome: The Preaching of Christ (1:12-30), III. Sanctification: Righteousness Imparted and Demonstrated (6:18:39), C. Sanctification and the Holy Spirit (8:1-39), V. Vindication: Jew and Gentile, the Scope of Gods Righteousness (9:111:36), A. Israels Past: Election of God (9:1-29), B. Israels Present: Rejection of God (9:3010:21), C. Israels Future: Restoration by God (11:1-36), VI. [21] But more significantly, his letters frequently included in their opening formula references to coauthors, who are different from others, such as scribes, who, if mentioned by name, are usually noted in the conclusion. Thus, the apostle writes to refute their false gospel of works and demonstrates the superiority of justification by faith and sanctification by the Holy Spirit versus by the works of the Law. 10-13). Evidently at a young age, he went to Jerusalem, and according to his testimony, studied under the well know Gamaliel I, a noted teacher in the School of Hillel (Acts 22:3). Some areas of ecclesiology are more difficult to determine than others. Miller understands the value of an education and the importance for students to graduate. 3). When we try to run an organization based on tradition or background, we end up with an organization that is not only not biblical, but which will lack the spiritual fervor and capacity to function as God intends. Romans was written in about A.D. 57-58 most likely near the end of his third missionary journey (Acts 18:23-21:14; see also Rom. In his campaign against Christians, both men and women, he traveled with letters of arrest from the high priest and went to other cities to waste the church of Jesus Christ (Acts 26:10-11; Gal. 1-7), II. 5). In this epistle, we see Him as our comfort (1:5), triumph (2:14), Lord (2:4), liberty or freedom for a new life (3:17), light (4:6), judge (5:10), reconciliation (5:19), gift (9:15), owner (10:7), and power (12:9). Q. The B represents the Greek letter beta, the second letter of the Greek alphabet. The Character of a Faithful Servant (2:1-26), C. He Is Single-Minded Like a Soldier (2:3-4), D. He Is Strict Like an Athlete and Enduring Like a Farmer (2:5-13), V. The Caution for a Faithful Servant (3:1-17), B. A TikToker who makes a living teaching others how to write essays has admitted to plagiarism. Send any friend a story As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. . [11] Sperry, Pauls Life and Letters, 179200; Anderson, Understanding Paul, 17295; Robert L. Millet, The Just Shall Live by Faith (Romans), in Millet, Studies in Scripture, Vol. For instance, the weighty doctrinal section of Romans (1:1611:36) is followed by a shorter but still significant imperative or hortatory section (12:115:13) that includes important discussions of Christian ethics (12:113:14) and relations between the strong and the weak (14:115:13). Then, in chapters 3 and 4 he contended for the true doctrine of grace, the doctrine of justification by faith alone. After being recaptured and once again imprisoned, Paul wrote Timothy a second letter, 2 Timothy. Term. 2:1-3) as an example of one accepted by grace without circumcision, which vindicated Pauls stand on this issue (Gal. [32] The letter was then dispatched, sometimes being carried by a friend or associate traveling to the recipients destination but sometimes just sent with some traveler who was found going to the intended destination. 15:19). The Proof and Reason for Our Walk (5:8-13), 5. In these verses, the great themes of the epistle are gathered togetherthe gospel, the power of God, salvation, everyone, who believes, righteousness from God, Jew and Gentile. Jesus was alive after all! There is no argument against Pauline authorship that does not have a reasonable answer. Again, as is so consistent with the teaching of Paul, we see how good works or the conduct of the Christian is so connected with the person and work of Christ, past, present, and future. These are common Pauline expressions, but they appear in this epistle more than in any other. There are two main views, The North Galatian View and The South Galatian View. He had denied the Christian claim that Jesus was the Messiah, the Son of God. First, they were official representatives of the apostle Paul whom he dispatched to various churches like Ephesus and Crete. 63-64. So Paul explains Gods program of salvation for Jews and Gentiles. Within a few months the form reports superseded the narrative reports, although the informational content remained similar. His hypothesis is that: The Pauline epistles began, most of them, as fragments by Simon (part of Romans), Marcion (the third through sixth chapter of Galatians and the basic draft of Ephesians), and Valentinian Gnostics (Colossians, parts of 1 Corinthians, at least). Misunderstanding of the Spirits ministry (2:6-16), D. The Design and Example of Paul (4:6-21), III. Putting an end to this movement was what Paul now devoted himself to with the utmost zeal. WebLook for connection between doctrine and ethics in the body of the letter. The Ministry of Reconciliation (5:116:10), K. A Spiritual Fathers Appeal to His Children (6:117:4), II. Pauls letter to Philemon and his family, for instance, reads very much like a personal letter about a particular subject of concern to the sender and recipientnamely how Philemon should treat his slave, Onesimus, who is also Pauls convert. 185 Heber J. Both external and internal evidence is very strong in support of Pauline authorship. 1:5f.). In this short epistle, the concept of good deeds occurs some six times (1:16; 27, 14; 3:5, 8, 14). [10] Sperry, Pauls Life and Letters, 11837; Anderson, Understanding Paul, 95129; David R. Seely, Is Christ Divided? Unity of the Saints through Charity (1, 2 Corinthians), in Millet, Studies in Scripture, Vol. As was his custom, Paul first preached in the synagogue but was eventually forced out by Jewish opposition. As a result, in this letter Paul provides a masterful survey of many of the issues he treated in earlier letters to other congregations, producing in the process what is perhaps his most systematic treatment of the issue of justification by faith (see Romans 1:168:39).[12]. The Prospective: The Endurance of Hope (4:13-5:28), A. 2); (4) to give guidance regarding numerous issues that would arise and to show how they should be handled. This means he wrote it in A.D. 60-61 (see the discussion on the date of Ephesians and Philippians). Brigham Young University Furthermore, he realized that desires give rise to actions, but the Law is unable to give one the desires that are necessary to meet its requirements. Thus, Paul writes about the believers wealth, walk, and warfare. Follow the tabs above to get [13] Consequently, in Romans, Paul addresses many of the same issues as he did in Galatians, but here the situation is reversed. Pauls first letter to the Corinthians, one of a series of letters of which only two are preserved, was written as a result of problems within one of the largest congregations that he had established. 56 The NIV Study Bible Notes, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, electronic media. The key words or concepts are judgment, retribution, and destruction all revolving around the return of the Lord in the day of the Lord. Paul wrote all four prison epistles during his first Roman imprisonment. I. [19] H. E. Dana, Jewish Christianity: An Expository Survey of Acts I to XII, James, I and II Peter, Jude and Hebrews (New Orleans: Bible Institute Memorial, 1937), 201. The only question concerning the authorship revolves around chapter 16. Paul himself had relatives who later returned to the city (Andronicus and Junia; see Romans 16:7). [27], Because parchment and especially finer quality papyrus were expensive, scribes may have first taken notes and even written initial drafts on tablets of wood or ivory coated with wax. Originally, they were regarded as mere personal letters and were classified with Philemon, but because of their strong bearing on the life of the church, they began to be called the Pastoral Epistles. Though addressed to individuals, these books are not only not limited to personal and private communications, but they are more official in character. As to external evidence, several church fathers (Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Clement of Alexander, and others) either quote from or use language closely resembling that found in Ephesians.53, In recent years, however, critics have turned to internal grounds to challenge this unanimous ancient tradition. The Explanation of the Evidence (1:8-10), B. The Cross And Christs Suffering For Sins (1 Peter 3:18-22), 6. . A 19-year-old TikToker made 6 figures teaching people how to write essays. Because of the greetings in 1:2, Colossians became known as Pros Kolossaeis, To the Colossians. As with the other epistles of Paul surveyed thus far, both the external and internal evidence strongly support Pauls authorship. 15-16). 2:12-13; 7:5-6; 8:6). The Gospel of Grace Came by Revelation (1:10-24), C. The Gospel of Grace Was Approved by the Church in Jerusalem (2:1-10), D. The Gospel of Grace Was Vindicated in the Rebuke of Peter, the Chief of the Apostles (2:11-21), II. Pauls important letter to the Romans is significant both because Paul wrote it to a congregation with which he was not yet familiar and also because of the particular history of the congregation there. Negative: Emancipation from Ascetic Ordinances (2:20-23), 3. The New Position in the Household (2:11-22), 1. The Minister, Appointed to Proclamation (3:7-13), III. The second theme flows out of the first, namely, the believers responsibility to know, grasp, and walk in a manner that is fitting with his heavenly position and calling in Christ (1:18-23; 3:14-21; 4:1). He became familiar not only with the Law itself but with the explanations and commentaries made by the leading rabbis of the Jewish faith. To understand the contents of these letters, it is necessary to know something about the man who wrote them, as well as about the particular circumstances under which they were written. When a specific occasion influenced Paul to write regarding certain topics, he employed the basic letter form common in the Mediterranean world at that time. In this sense, chapter 5 is a key chapter. Shaped in letter format in its opening and focusing on practical religion, it is somewhat in the tradition of Old Testament wisdom literature. Following this, Paul went to Nicopolis in Achaia (southern Greece, Titus 3:12). Paul's decision to cast his lot with the members of the Christian community did not make him a missionary all at once, for about fourteen years passed before his work as a leader in the movement received any general recognition. A few examples must suffice: the doctrine of justification by faith (Rom 3:20-22; Gal 2:16); the church as the body of Christ appointed to represent and serve him through a variety of spiritual gifts (Rom 12; 1 Cor 12); the collection for the poor saints at Jerusalem (Rom 15:25-28; 2 Cor 8-9). As clearly stated in the opening verse of each of the prison epistles, Paul is declared to be the author. bookmarked pages associated with this title. This view of supersession, sometimes called replacement theology, saw the Mosaic law and the old covenant of God with His people as being replaced by the new covenant ushered in by Jesus sacrificial death. What concerned Paul preeminently was the presence of false teachers, claiming to be apostles, who had entered the church. This preoccupation with Jesus return, however, seems to have been at the heart of Pauls second letter, where he needed to moderate the enthusiasm of the Thessalonians, noting some of the significant signs that would precede the Parousia (see 2 Thessalonians 2:112) and encouraging the Saints with admonitions to work that seem to have been occasioned by the disorderly walk (ataktos peripatountos) or idle behavior of Saints whose indolence seems to have been the result of an unrealistic expectation of an imminent Second Coming (see 2 Thessalonians 3:615). Paul wrote to multiple bodies of believers of its paramountcy in the health of the church. In fact several fathers mentioned Paul as the author of this epistle in their writings. We should carefully study these issues and seek biblical answers so we might come to conclusions based on our study of the facts of Scripture. Pauls succeeding arguments, especially in Galatians 5:212, have suggested that these false teachers had convinced some of the Galatians of the necessity of adopting certain aspects of the Mosaic lawnotably circumcisionleading many modern scholars to refer to them as Judaizers.[9] This context and Pauls efforts to counter this false teaching are necessary to understand properly one of his central points in the letter: Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified (2:16; emphasis added). Web4 Major Parts of Pauline Letter. So, while our methods will often vary, they must never contradict the moral or spiritual principles of the Word of God. Since these books deal with church order, ministry, and organization, why were they not first? . While we are blessed with every spiritual blessing in Christ (1:3), we are nevertheless faced with a formidable enemy for which we need the armor of God. Several passages stand out in pointing us to the person and ministry of the Savior. [31] Sperry, Pauls Life and Letters, 102, 1045, notes, A careful reading of [2 Thessalonians 2:2] . Because of this, he could appeal to Caesar as a citizen of Rome while imprisoned in Philippi (Acts 16:37-39). 1886-1887. In the process of this, Paul then launches into a grand revelation regarding the humility and exaltation of Christ in 2:5-11. WebThirteen letters are attributed to Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 16:1-4; 2 Cor. Thus, we must seriously take the exhortation to be strong in the Lord and in the power of His might (6:10). WebThe Format of the Pauline Letters. [30] Murphy-OConnor, Paul the Letter-Writer, 11213, and Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing, 17475, differ in their assessments of 2 CorinthiansMurphy-OConnor seeing 2 Corinthians 19 and 1013 as two different letters (and all of 2 Corinthians 9 as the postscript of the first letter), whereas Richards sees 1013 as an after-the-fact postscript or addition to the original letter. In harmony with one of the basic doctrines of Judaism, he believed that salvation could be obtained only by obedience to all of the laws that God had given to his people. Good deeds are not to be the product of human ingenuity or dead religion, but the work of Gods grace through faith in the power of God as manifested in Christ, the Savior. 64 For a detailed discussion of the issues of authorship see Donald. Where to Watch. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190207. There is an absence of controversy in this epistle, and it does not deal with problems of particular churches. [9] Sperry, Pauls Life and Letters, 15871; F. F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians, NIGTC (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1982), 1932; Anderson, Understanding Paul, 15258; George A. Horton Jr., Concern, Correction, and Counsel for Converts (Galatians), in Millet, Studies in Scripture, Vol. His zeal as a religious Jew was carried over into the way he zealously sought to persecute the church. Tit. 3), proper behavior toward the various age groupstowards elders and widows (chap. His Hope in the Thessalonians (2:19-20), E. The Confirmation of the Thessalonians (3:1-10), 1. In Ephesians and Colossians, however, there are indications that Paul expected the letters to be circulated among a broader audience. As such a student, he was familiar with many of the sayings of classical and contemporary writers. It was on one of these missions that Saul was converted while on the road to Damascus. That the apostle is the author of Ephesians is strongly supported by both internal and external evidence. 49 Merrill F. Unger, The New Ungers Talking Bible Dictionary, Original work copyright 1957 The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, electronic media. 6:5-9; Col. 3:22; 4:1). Hortatory: The Collection for the Christians at Jerusalem (chs. 48 This outline was taken from The Expositor's Bible Commentary, New Testament, Frank E. Gaebelein, General Editor, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, 1976-1992, electronic media. Is this because organization is unimportant? Since there is such a divergence of opinion does this mean we should give up on matters of church government? When we turn to 2 Timothy we find a very different atmosphere. Internally the letter reveals the stamp of genuineness. To express his plans to join Titus again in Nicopolis for the winter (3:12). He suggests that the more theologically involved passages, such as 1:1831 and 2:616, may possibly represent Sosthenes presumably exegetical and philosophical bent, whereas Paul insisted on pragmatic counsel. The Rapture of Living Saints (4:17-18), B. Letter from the Producer LIVE Part LXXVII Date & Time. He Commands and Convicts Regarding Idleness (3:1-16), V. His Concluding Benediction and Greeting (3:16-18). In this letter Paul had two major purposes in mind. There he met Titus, who brought good news about the general well-being of the Corinthian church but bad news about a group who were standing in opposition to Paul and his apostleship. 11-52; W. Hendricksen, A Commentary On 1 & II Timothy and Titus, The Banner of Truth Trust, London, 1957, pp. He wrote: (1) to give an incentive for the Thessalonians to persevere by describing the reward and retribution that will occur in the future judgment of God (1:3-10), (2) to clarify the prominent events belonging to the day of the Lord in order to prove the falsity of the claims that the day had already arrived (2:1-2), and (3) to give detailed instructions covering the disciplinary steps the church should take in correcting those who refuse to work (3:6-15). 3:4-5), and had evidently been taught the trade of tent-making as a youth (Acts 18:3). Only at Hebrews 13:125 does it read like a letter or epistle. Instructions Concerning Marriage (7:1-40), C. Marriage and Christian Service (7:25-38), V. Instructions Concerning Food Offered to Idols (8:111:1), A. But the authorship of this epistle has been doubted by some on the grounds of the vocabulary and the nature of the heresy refuted in this epistle. For more detailed discussion, see note 2 on this at this verse in the NET Bible. Of Pauls thirteen letters, these were the very last books he wrote. Amanda Goh and Cheryl Teh. Exhortation Regarding the Methods of False Teachers (2:4-5), 2. If you or I were doing this (especially today) we would probably first try to get the administrative organization in order, the structure, and then worry about the doctrine. A major theme of this book, especially chapters 1-2, is the return of Christ in judgment when He will put down all rebellion and bring retribution. 1:7, 13; Col. 4:10, 18; Philemon 1, 9, 10). The Cross And Separation From The World (1 Peter 4:1-6), 7. Polemical: Pauls Vindication of His Apostolic Authority (chs. Though accused by the Jews before the Roman governor Gallio (a charge that was dismissed) Paul remained 18 months in Corinth (Acts 18:1-17; 1 Cor. It is because organization and administration are not primary. 6:21-22; Col. 4:7-8) and is probably the same letter that is called my letter from Laodicea in Col. 4:16.55. Christianity had been brought to Rome by others, presumably Jewish Christians, perhaps as early as the AD 40s or even earlier since Jews from Rome had been among those in Jerusalem at the time of Pentecost (see Acts 2:10). Chapters 89 are really one unit and comprise the most complete revelation of Gods plan for giving found anywhere in the Scriptures. These thanksgivings were so standard in Pauline letters that their absence is obvious, as in the letter to the Galatians, where Pauls anger is apparent.[37]. Approximately one third of the New Testament consists of letters, or epistles, written by the apostle Paul and addressed to the Christian churches of his day. Because these letters are older than any of the gospel accounts of the life of Jesus, they constitute the most reliable source that we have today for information concerning the early history of the Christian movement.
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