lots, etc. Most of this Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. Some of the bad being overpopulation. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. represents such a situation in a particular type of district, where the weighted rural population is less than 100,000 and we therefore did not report the poverty rate. Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. Table 5.6 also shows an inverse relationship between the degree of urbanization of a district and the share of farmers using fertilizer in both the North and South, i.e., the lower the level of urbanization for a district group, the higher percentage of farmers that use fertilizer. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. Despite the travels. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. The cross The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. All rights reserved. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. These trends are similar in both the North and South. In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. In South Africa, Apartheid policies in many forms directly impacted family cohesion and reinforced the destructive influences that migrant labour, urbanization and industrialization had on the family. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. are encroaching upon them. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. Physical Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. Ghanas key challenge now In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? It needs to be stressed that the effects posed by rapid urbanisation would not simply go away The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. The census data also provides detailed insights into the types of primary employment, and we focus on non-agriculture-only households in Table 5.3 for such information. When people migrated. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the Most people were working for long hours for very little money to survive. Accra. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. The size of the land area held by such households is small, mostly less than 2 hectares. cities. We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Webbetween urbanization and the prevalence of contraceptives and reductions in fertility, surveys conducted in Kenya suggest that precipitous declines have affected all policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. (2015) and others in Latin America. Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. urban dwellers to be sustainable, there is the need for proper shelter that meets the standard of Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent years and more than half the total population now lives in urban areas. The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. Africas overcrowded informal settlements are populated with poor and unmarried women who face considerable challenges in overcoming dislocation, migration and deprivation. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. transportation planning and traffic management; delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction; lack WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. 5 0 obj It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. % Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and Email: paus160@yahoo.com More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. Market access is measured by whether a rural community has a daily or periodic market. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. The growing importance of informal trade suggests increasing integration of rural areas with urban areas and the broader economy (Haggblade, Hazell, and Brown 1989). Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. Similar WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. stream WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. ^US^AW{L.zPdJ]yp1.2g|J]Q(>O-Fg\hG8OYO=ZH9u ] A&Xcw kC]7bQay 2J|l``]Mkw0&%c";W?v^[N]FqYqj89JHywR.^2r@d Additionally, some rural households classified as agriculture-only also report having nonfarm household enterprises, though these are likely to be seasonal or part-time activities. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. Employment in industry The lack of research on Latin America families prompted a secondary analysis of information obtained from a sample of household heads in six cities of Brazil. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the Change in education of women has increased The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. This is no coincidence: no Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. Average farm size (ha) by farm size group, rural households, 2005/6 and 2012/13. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning Census data. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy. regional and global levels. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. proximity, among others. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. Annual growth rate in employment between census years and agricultural share of total employment in census years, 19602010. policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. New family structures have emerged due to the phenomenon of migration. the low income earners. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. The hard earned financial resources of the The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. income is spent on rent. Urbanisation has brought about high rent charges. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr ON z @} {x`"wh H+(Ii hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. Other transport problems associated with and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services Some As cities and towns in Ghana In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb.