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This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 15:38. The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death[2][3] by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 1617 July 1918. He interviewed several members of the Romanov entourage in February 1919, notably Pierre Gilliard, Alexandra Tegleva and Sydney Gibbes. Genealogists were able to identify two distant relatives. The communist government in Russia, now the Soviet Union, kept the fate of the Romanov family a well-guarded state secret, only admitting their deaths in 1926. Czar Nicholas and his family waited patiently in the basement. The local Cheka chose replacements from the volunteer battalions of the Verkh-Isetsk factory at Yurovsky's request. For the Empress, the match was easy. He took a Mauser and Colt while Ermakov armed himself with three Nagants, one Mauser and a bayonet; he was the only one assigned to kill two prisoners (Alexandra and Botkin). [40] Their only source of ventilation was a fortochka in the grand duchesses' bedroom, but peeking out of it was strictly forbidden; in May a sentry fired a shot at Anastasia when she looked out. In December 1918, a photographic team of the U.S. Signal Corps led by Captain Howard Kingsmore arrived in Yekaterinburg, Russia, where they filmed inside the house where Tsar Nicholas II and his family was brutally murdered. For the investigation to move forward, forensic genealogists had to step in. Dmitry Shlapentokh. He unsuccessfully tried to collapse the mine with hand grenades, after which his men covered it with loose earth and branches. The Romanovs were kept in strict isolation at the Ipatiev House. [72] Preston's requests to be granted access to the family were consistently rejected. Both agreed to provide DNA samples. Save up to 40% off the cover price when you subscribe to Discover magazine. Prior to his death, he donated the guns he used in the murders to the Museum of the Revolution in Moscow,[66] and left behind three valuable, though contradictory, accounts of the event. [24] A 2011 investigation concluded that, despite the opening of state archives in the post-Soviet years, no written document has been found which proves Lenin or Sverdlov ordered the executions;[25] however, they endorsed the murders after they occurred. . "And who made the decision?" [174] As a result, when they were interred in July 1998, they were referred to by the priest conducting the service as "Christian victims of the Revolution" rather than the imperial family. The Nagant operated on old black gunpowder which produced a good deal of smoke and fumes; smokeless powder was only just being phased in. The study involved the main experts on the subject historians and archivists. Nikolai Sokolov devoted his whole life to collecting documents and evidence relating to the murder of the Romanovs. [95] Ermakov shot and stabbed him, and when that failed, Yurovsky shoved him aside and killed the boy with a gunshot to the head. [43] From this window, they could see only the spire of the Voznesensky Cathedral located across the road from the house. [68], The Ural Regional Soviet agreed in a meeting on 29 June that the Romanov family should be executed. "What about it?" The Romanov family was the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. [152] However, in a final letter that was written to his children shortly before his death in 1938, he only reminisced about his revolutionary career and how "the storm of October" had "turned its brightest side" towards him, making him "the happiest of mortals";[153] there was no expression of regret or remorse over the murders. Whereas people inherit their nuclear DNA from each parent. What did this mean? [100] Heavily laden, the vehicle struggled for 14 kilometres (9mi) on boggy road to reach the Koptyaki forest. The burial of the Romanov family is as gruesome as their execution The murder of the imperial family was no simple affair. [154] His son, Alexander Yurovsky, voluntarily handed over his father's memoirs to amateur investigators Avdonin and Ryabov in 1978.[155]. [57] Yurovsky always kept watch during the liturgy and while the housemaids were cleaning the bedrooms with the family. The files show how much the murder of the Tsar and. [70], The killing of the Tsar's wife and children was also discussed, but it was kept a state secret to avoid any political repercussions; German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach made repeated enquiries to the Bolsheviks concerning the family's well-being. The state also remained aloof from the celebration, as President Vladimir Putin considers Nicholas II a weak ruler.[190]. [129] The pit revealed no traces of clothing, which was consistent with Yurovsky's account that all the victims' clothes were burned. It took multiple attempts and 20 minutes to kill every family member, and Yakov Yurovsky and his men had to use the butts of their guns, bayonets, knives and brute force to finish off the Romanov children and their servants. It took multiple attempts and 20 minutes to kill every family. The two missing children had been buried about 70 meters from the mass grave. . [124] Alexei Trupp's body was tossed in first, followed by the Tsar's and then the rest. In 1979, a geologist in Russia approached a grassy area near the Koptyaki forest. [74] He was under pressure to ensure that no remains would later be found by monarchists who would exploit them to rally anti-communist support. [32] The number of Ipatiev House guards totaled 300 at the time the imperial family was killed. That meant genealogists had to dig deep into the Tsars family tree and find living relatives who also had maternal consanguinity (or a blood relationship) with a shared female ancestor. He wanted dedicated Bolsheviks who could be relied on to do whatever was asked of them. The next day, Yakov departed for Moscow with a report to Sverdlov. Forensic investigators also found a nephew of the Tsar living in Toronto, but he refused to cooperate. Four chemical bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bond with hydrogen to make base pairings. Nikolai Sokolov[ru], a legal investigator for the Omsk Regional Court, was appointed to undertake this. FAYETTEVILLE, N.C. (AP) A police officer and his wife were found shot to death in their North Carolina home after the officer failed to show up for . And I can confidently say that today there is no reliable document that would prove the initiative of Lenin and Sverdlov. Twenty-seven others were killed in the next 84 days. They began to exhume bones from the site. (Photo Credit: Heritage Images/ Getty Images) Alexei was Nicholas and Alexandra's only son and thus the heir to the Romanov throne. The executioners were ordered to use their bayonets, a technique which proved ineffective and meant that the children had to be dispatched by still more gunshots, this time aimed more precisely at their heads. But questions still lingered. [32] They were forbidden to speak any language other than Russian[33] and were not permitted access to their luggage, which was stored in a warehouse in the interior courtyard. Historians long suspected that four servants had been buried along with the royal family. [44], The guard commandant and his senior aides had complete access at any time to all rooms occupied by the family. To prevent a repetition of the fraternization that had occurred under Avdeev, Yurovsky chose mainly foreigners. [60], When Yurovsky replaced Aleksandr Avdeev on 4 July,[61] he moved the old internal guard members to the Popov House. [181], In late 2015, at the insistence by the Russian Orthodox Church,[182] Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing,[183] which confirmed that the bones were of the couple. The destruction of the house did not stop pilgrims or monarchists from visiting the site. Fast Facts: Anastasia Romanov Full Name: Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova Known For: Youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, who was killed (along with the rest of her family) during the Bolshevik Revolution. Primary Menu Sections Search Trotsky wrote: My next visit to Moscow took place after the fall of Yekaterinburg. In fact, both men were already dead: after the Bolsheviks had removed them from the Ipatiev House in May, they had been shot by the Cheka with a group of other hostages on 6 July, in reprisal for the death of Ivan Malyshev[ru], Chairman of the Ural Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party killed by the Whites. Getty Images. But no one knew for sure. The authorities exploited the incident as a monarchist-led rebellion that threatened the security of the captives at the Ipatiev House. [119], Sergey Chutskaev[ru] of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Yekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered. With the men exhausted, most refusing to obey orders and dawn approaching, Yurovsky decided to bury them under the road where the truck had stalled (565441N 602944E / 56.9113628N 60.4954326E / 56.9113628; 60.4954326). They were hired on the understanding that they would be prepared, if necessary, to kill the tsar, about which they were sworn to secrecy. Until her death in 1984, Anderson contended she was the missing Tsarina. [47] The prisoners were required to ring a bell each time they wished to leave their rooms to use the bathroom and lavatory on the landing. [28] Princess Helen of Serbia visited the house in June but was refused entry at gunpoint by the guards,[52] while Dr Vladimir Derevenko's regular visits to treat Alexei were curtailed when Yurovsky became commandant. Readpart 2 here. 1939. [16] The Russian president Boris Yeltsin described the murder of the royal family as one of the most shameful chapters in Russian history. The official party line was that the czars wife and family were being cared for in an undisclosed location, but rumors started to swirl about what had happened to Alexandra and her children. Speculation arose as to whether she and her brother, Alexei. [130], Sokolov ultimately failed to find the concealed burial site on the Koptyaki Road; he photographed the spot as evidence of where the Fiat truck had become stuck on the morning of 19 July. [49] Recreation was allowed only twice daily in the garden, for half an hour morning and afternoon. [19], According to the official state version of the Soviet Union, ex-Tsar Nicholas Romanov, along with members of his family and retinue, were executed by firing squad by order of the Ural Regional Soviet. It was finally carried out in 1991, after the Soviet Unions collapse. [67] Yurovsky later observed that, by responding to the faked letters, Nicholas "had fallen into a hasty plan by us to trap him". Until 1989, it was the only accepted historical account of the murders. Scientists were eager to solve the mystery, but it wasnt going to be easy. [83] Neither Yurovsky nor any of the killers went into the logistics of how to efficiently destroy eleven bodies. Authorities tell Arizona's Family that an officer was flagged down near Central and Thomas Road when . Kabanov then hurried downstairs and told the men to stop firing and kill the family and their dogs with their gun butts and bayonets. The Holy Synod opposed the government's decision in February 1998 to bury the remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress, preferring a "symbolic" grave until their authenticity had been resolved. "[90] Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and the weapons were raised. Yurovsky saw this and demanded that they surrender any looted items or be shot. April 28, 2023 10:21 AM PT. The Romanov family was murdered at Ekaterinburg on July 17th, 1918. Who Was Anastasia Romanov? Scientists began by testing the short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the nuclear DNA. Readpart 2, More than 60 years earlier, Tsar Nicholas II. Filipp Goloshchyokin was shot in October 1941 in an NKVD prison and consigned to an unmarked grave.[146]. On 17 July 1918, Yakov and other Bolshevik jailers, fearing that the Legion would free Nicholas after conquering the town, murdered him and his family. These claimed to be by a monarchist officer seeking to rescue the family, but were composed at the behest of the Cheka. When the mass grave was discovered in the early 1990s, the hospital gave researchers the tissue sample so they could determine whether Anderson was telling the truth. In 2015, Nicholas remains were exhumed for further testing, and in 2018, new DNA testscorroborated the original DNA findings. , 3 (16)/VII 1918 II . [90][94], The noise of the guns had been heard by households all around, awakening many people. Also murdered that night were members of the imperial entourage who had accompanied them: court physician Eugene Botkin; lady-in-waiting Anna Demidova; footman Alexei Trupp; and head cook Ivan Kharitonov. Investigators werent certain how many people were buried in the mass grave. There they lived in the former governor's mansion in considerable comfort. "notfound", "Yurovsky Note 1922 English Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine", "Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs", "Treasures and Trivia of the Romanov Era", "Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis", , "About the team of the executioners of the royal family and its ethnic composition", "Tsar Nicholas exhibits from an execution", "Murder of the Imperial Family Yurovsky Note 1922 English", "Nicholas II And Family Canonized For 'Passion', "Russia: Inquiry Into Czar's Killing Is Reopened", "Russia readies to exhume Tsar Alexander III in Romanov probe", "Russia exhumes bones of murdered Tsar Nicholas and wife", "New DNA tests establish remains of Tsar Nicholas II and wife are authentic", "Russia says DNA tests confirm remains of country's last tsar are", "DNA Testing Verifies Bones of Russia's Last Tsar", " ", Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (16131917), Shooting of Nicholas II of Russia and his family, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_the_Romanov_family&oldid=1152493369. I asked, apparently with a touch of surprise. The DNA test was conclusive. His research provided the basis for the book "The Murder of the Imperial Family. Newspapers and party communications played up Nicholas perceived weakness and denounced his monarchy as evil. Learn more about Erin and her work at erinblakemore.com. The 55 volumes of Lenin's Collected Works as well as the memoirs of those who directly took part in the murders were scrupulously censored, emphasizing the roles of Sverdlov and Goloshchyokin. The cellar of Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg, after the Execution of the Imperial Family in the night in July 1918. One woman, who called herself Anna Anderson, surfaced in Berlin a few years after the execution and said she survived with the help of a kind Bolshevik soldier. Behind, from left to right, are their daughters Maria, Olga, and Tatiana.. The lifeless bodies of Russias last monarch, his wife Alexandra, and their five children, Alexei, Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, were about to go on a journey that would stretch over years, stoke controversy and stump historians. Their ten servants were dismissed, and they had to give up butter and coffee.[30]. [113], The truck was bogged down in an area of marshy ground near the Gorno-Uralsk railway line, during which all the bodies were unloaded onto carts and taken to the disposal site. [76] Yurovsky wanted to gather the family and servants in a small, confined space from which they could not escape. Alexandra did not trust Yurovsky, writing in her final diary entry just hours before her death, "whether it's true & we shall see the boy back again!". Fearing reprisals from the Soviet government, they reburied the bones. At about 1 a.m. on July 17, 1918, in a fortified mansion in the town of Ekaterinburg, in the Ural Mountains, the Romanovsex-tsar Nicholas II, ex-tsarina Alexandra, their five children, and their. Ilyich [Lenin] believed that we shouldn't leave the Whites a live banner to rally around, especially under the present difficult circumstances."[24]. However, Moscow's Basmanny Court ordered the re-opening of the case, saying that a Supreme Court ruling blaming the state for the killings made the deaths of the actual gunmen irrelevant, according to a lawyer for the Tsar's relatives and local news agencies. In 1998, eighty years after the executions, the remains of the Romanovs were reinterred in a state funeral in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. [citation needed] Nothing at that stage was said about killing the family or servants. [109] On 19 July, the Bolsheviks nationalized all confiscated Romanov properties,[55] the same day Sverdlov announced the tsar's execution to the Council of People's Commissars. In 1979,with the help of Yurovskys son, he finally found the grave near the site of the mansion in Yekaterinburg, Russia where the family had been imprisoned. This rebellion was violently suppressed by a detachment of Red Guards led by Peter Ermakov, which opened fire on the protesters, all within earshot of the tsar and tsarina's bedroom window. But no one knew for sure. This enabled them to identify that nine people were buried in the grave. But Alexei and Marias remains are still being held in a Russian state archivenot buried along with the rest of their family. And in 2018, as the country was preparing to commemorate the 100th anniversary of their deaths, Russian investigators announced that further DNA testing confirmed that the remains were indeed authentic Now they knew for certain all the Romanovs died during the shocking execution. They clung to the principle of autocracy and hostility to democracy, which was then inherited by the Communists and is now espoused by the present regime in the Kremlin. In 2008, after considerable and protracted legal wrangling, the Russian Prosecutor General's office rehabilitated the Romanov family as "victims of political repressions". [127], Sokolov discovered a large number of the Romanovs' belongings and valuables that were overlooked by Yurovsky and his men in and around the mineshaft where the bodies were initially disposed. [14], On 29 July 2007, another amateur group of local enthusiasts found the small pit containing the remains of Alexei and his sister, located in two small bonfire sites not far from the main grave on the Koptyaki Road. Railroad ties were placed over the grave to disguise it, with the Fiat truck being driven back and forth over the ties to press them into the earth. Her book, The Heroine's Bookshelf (Harper), won the Colorado Book Award for nonfiction. [88] Very well then, let him have one. The Biographical Chronicle of Lenin's political life confirms that first Lenin (between 6 and 7 pm) and then Lenin and Sverdlov together (between 9:30 and 11:50 pm) had direct telegraph contact with the Ural Soviets about Yakovlev's change of route. According to the criminal investigator in charge of the case, Vladimir Solovyov, one of the tests involved taking a blood sample from the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, who. A few minutes later, an execution squad of secret police was brought in and Yurovsky read aloud the order given to him by the Ural Executive Committee: Nikolai Alexandrovich, in view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you.[89]. [45] Ten guard posts were located in and around the Ipatiev House, and the exterior was patrolled twice hourly day and night. The Tsar was identical to both but with one exception. [71] Another diplomat, British consul Thomas Preston, who lived near the Ipatiev House, was often pressured by Pierre Gilliard, Sydney Gibbes and Prince Vasily Dolgorukov to help the Romanovs;[52] Dolgorukov smuggled notes from his prison cell before he was murdered by Grigory Nikulin, Yurovsky's assistant. Tatiana died from a single shot to the back of her head. [133] The box is stored in the Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Job in Uccle, Brussels. [58] There were four machine gun emplacements: one in the bell tower of the Voznesensky Cathedral aimed toward the house; a second in the basement window of the Ipatiev House facing the street; a third monitoring the balcony overlooking the garden at the back of the house;[43] and a fourth in the attic overlooking the intersection, directly above the tsar and tsarina's bedroom. The two missing children had been buried about 70 meters from the mass grave. The wall had been torn apart in search of bullets and other evidence by investigators in 1919. [111] About .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}800 metres (12 mile) further on, near crossing no. No one survived, and anyone who claimed otherwise was an imposter. The Speckled Domes (1925). [87] Yurovsky's assistant Grigory Nikulin remarked to him that the "heir wanted to die in a chair. Instead, her DNA matched with the Schanzkowska family. The states investigative team found thousands of bones and other relics from the imperial family, and DNA analysis soon confirmed they were in fact the Romanovs. The bodies were again loaded onto the Fiat truck, which by then had been extricated from the mud. [22][23] This is supported by a passage in Leon Trotsky's diary. Since there were no clothes on the bodies and the damage inflicted was extensive, controversy persisted as to whether the skeletal remains identified and interred in St. Petersburg as Anastasia's were really hers or Maria's. The Romanovs were buried in two unmarked graves, one containing Nicholas, Alexandra, and three of their daughters and another containing Alexei and one of his sisters. The sodden corpses were hauled out one by one using ropes tied to their mangled limbs and laid under a tarpaulin. Pavel Medvedev, head of the Ipatiev House guard and one of the key figures in the murders,[58] was captured by the White Army in Perm in February 1919. More than 60 years earlier, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne while under pressure from the Red Army, an army created in the wake of theBolshevikRevolution of 1917. Her work has appeared in outlets like The Washington Post, National Geographic, The Atlantic, TIME, Smithsonian and more. Leonid was kept in the Popov House that night. He also had the same distinction, which confirmed the skeleton in the mass grave. The Red Army was secretive about the executions, and the ruling Communist party didnt permit inquiries into the historic event. A second truck carried a detachment of Cheka agents to help move the bodies. Perry, John Curtis, and Constantine V. Pleshakov. Transaction Publishers. So when the geologist found a mass grave, he kept his discovery secret until after the Communist regime collapsed in 1991. Only 3% of Russians "were certain that the Royal family's execution was the public's just retribution for the emperor's blunders". Scientists repeated the mtDNA test and, . The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. She was not a Romanov. He was a witness but later claimed to have taken part in the murders, looting belongings from a dead grand duchess. He held a succession of key economic and party posts, dying in the Kremlin Hospital in 1938 aged 60. As the years passed, rumors about possible survivors continued to rage, and a number of imposters claimed they were the Romanovs. 42: . Among them were burned bone fragments, congealed fat,[128] Dr Botkin's upper dentures and glasses, corset stays, insignias and belt buckles, shoes, keys, pearls and diamonds,[9] a few spent bullets, and part of a severed female finger. Anderson was really Franziska Schanzkowska of Poland. [114] Yurovsky's men ate hardboiled eggs supplied by the local nuns (food that was meant for the imperial family), while the remainder of Ermakov's men were ordered back to the city as Yurovsky did not trust them and was displeased with their drunkenness. Not trusting the communists, many people, including living members of the Romanovs, held out hope that at least some members of the royal family survived. The skeletons were numbered one through nine. No excursions to Divine Liturgy at the nearby church were permitted. [36] The house was surrounded by a 4-metre-high (13ft) double palisade that obscured the view of the streets from the house. [123] They dug a grave that was 1.8 by 2.4 metres (6ft 8ft) in size and barely 60 centimetres (2ft) deep. [120] Yurovsky and Goloshchyokin, along with several Cheka agents, returned to the mineshaft at about 4 am on the morning of 18 July. [77] Shooting and stabbing them at night while they slept or killing them in the forest and then dumping them into the Iset pond with lumps of metal weighted to their bodies were ruled out. Only then did Yurovsky discover that the pit was less than 3 metres (9.8ft) deep and the muddy water below did not fully submerge the corpses as he had expected. [176][162], The remaining two bodies of Alexei and one of his sisters, presumed to be Maria by Russian anthropologists and Anastasia by American ones, were discovered in 2007. The Romanovs, in a 1913 photo. Andersons compelling story attracted attention, and it was made into a 1956 movie starring Ingrid Bergman. [93] As it cleared, it became evident that although several of the family's retainers had been killed, all of the Imperial children were alive and only Maria was injured. As they did so, they covered them in acid and buried them. "All of them," replied Yakov Sverdlov. The Bolsheviks initially announced only Nicholas's death;[6][7] for the next eight years,[8] the Soviet leadership maintained a systematic web of misinformation relating to the fate of the family,[9] from claiming in September 1919 that they were murdered by left-wing revolutionaries,[10] to denying outright in April 1922 that they were dead. Yurovsky sent them to the Popov House for failing "at that important moment in their revolutionary duty". Voykov served as Soviet ambassador to Poland in 1924, where he was assassinated by a Russian monarchist in July 1927. [187] On the centenary of the murders, over 100,000 pilgrims took part in a procession led by Patriarch Kirill in Yekaterinburg, marching from the city center where the Romanovs were murdered to a monastery in Ganina Yama. The Red Army was secretive about the executions, and the ruling Communist party didnt permit inquiries into the historic event. [112] The sun was up by the time the carts came within sight of the disused mine, which was a large clearing at a place called the Four Brothers (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}565632N 602824E / 56.942222N 60.473333E / 56.942222; 60.473333). Between 1682 and 1917, when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on behalf of himself and his son, the heir apparent to the throne, the Russian monarchy had become a stable and established system. All Rights Reserved. The bodies had been dumped together, and they decomposed over time, leaving behind disorganized bone fragments. Suddenly, armed thugs rushed in. Barlow-Austin's . Yurovsky was furious when he discovered that the drunken Ermakov had brought only one shovel for the burial. . Talking to Sverdlov I asked in passing, "Oh yes and where is the Tsar?" [80] Yurovsky and Pavel Medvedev collected 14 handguns to use that night: two Browning pistols (one M1900 and one M1906), two Colt M1911 pistols, two Mauser C96s, one Smith & Wesson, and seven Belgian-made Nagants. She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017. Although official Soviet accounts place the responsibility for the decision with the Uralispolkom, an entry in Leon Trotsky's diary reportedly suggested that the order had been given by Lenin himself. [117] Yurovsky, worried that he might not have enough time to take the bodies to the deeper mine, ordered his men to dig another burial pit then and there, but the ground was too hard. Born: June 18, 1901, in St. Petersburg, Russia Died: July 17, 1918, in Yekaterinburg, Russia The Romanov family members were killed by revolutionary Bolsheviks Russian investigators have exhumed the remains of the last tsar and his wife, as they re-examine their 1918 murders. The case, however, was still open. [105], Alexandre Beloborodov sent a coded telegram to Lenin's secretary, Nikolai Gorbunov. Everything was packed into the Romanovs' own trunks for dispatch to Moscow under escort by commissars. He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government, and the family was surrounded by guards and confined to their quarters.

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