Conductor Employee in charge of train or yard movement. [citation needed] Categories The full set of GCOR rules is divided into 19 categories. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signaling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railroad safety. GCORSixth EditionApril 7, 2010. I do know there are differences in how horn and headlight/ditchlight failure are treated. The most current edition of the GCOR is the eighth edition, which was effective April 1, 2020. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signaling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railroad safety. 15 Track Bulletin Rules Members enjoy 15% off any purchase in our store. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signaling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railroad safety. GCOREighth EditionApril 1, 2020 1-3 Train Dispatchers and Control Operators. @article{WingeMain2020LongtermOO, title={Long-term outcomes of stage IIB-IV melanoma patients: nationwide data from Norway. Now in Canada a "track warrant" is a written authority in CTC territory, written permission to pass a stop signal would be one example. Single, double and in a few cases triple head dwarf signals are all RTC controlled and are all stop signals when red. 156 0 obj <>stream 14 Rules Applicable only within Track Warrant Control (TWC) Limits [citation needed], The current version of the GCOR is the Eighth Edition, effective April 1, 2020.[2]. No Expiration Date. Please use this link to book a room at the negotiated rate of $105/night plus taxes and fees, which includes daily hot breakfast. Building Structures for Your Garden Railway. These documents are issued by each individual railroad. The SCOR, however, was never intended to be used as a working rulebook. There were no between-group differences in EI or iron status. These rules herein govern the operations of the railroads listed and must be complied with by all employees regardless of gender whose duties are in any way affected thereby. If you reside in an EU member state besides UK, import VAT on this purchase is not recoverable. 7. The amount of ABS-TWC is going down as much of that is being converted to CTC. The opinions expressed here represent my own and not those of. As Jeff mentioned, individual railroads will have changes to the 'universal' editions. At present, most Class I railroads in the U.S. use one of two standard rulebooks: the Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee (NORAC) rulebook and the General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR). Guide 8th Edition dated May 1, 2016 in effect. 736b03e2e678a3b40512baba212158de5e49bd85db54a375fd345ebd6bb144084f1ebd848fb1172a39496de005b917d182cff396e55e1f90526ed822aa826d7c, The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. on the Internet. Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee, https://insidetrack.akrr.com/web/NEWS/AllAboard/2019_08_AllAboard.pdf, U S Department of Transportation - Compliance with Railroad Operating Rules and Corporate Culture Influences, October 1999, General Code of Operating Rules, April 7, 2010, General Code of Operating Rules, April 1, 2015, General Code of Operating Rules, April 1, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Code_of_Operating_Rules&oldid=1150410518, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Rules Applicable in ACS, ATC and ATS Territories, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 00:44. The GCOR is used by every Class I railroad west of the Mississippi River, most of the Class II railroads, and numerous short line railroads. If it has an 'R' letter plate it is a Restricting indication when red and if there is no letter plate it is a Stop and Proceed when red. Methods: Healthy, term infants (n = 250) were randomly allocated to either a Nordic group (NG) or a conventional group (CG). all over Canada. 105 0 obj <> endobj The handbook is 4 1/2" x 8" so you can easily carry it with you to any derailment site. Background: High intake of protein and low intake of plant-based foods during complementary feeding can contribute to negative long-term health effects.Objectives: To investigate the effects of a p . 17 Rules Applicable Only in Automatic Train Control (ATC) Territory, For more information about the General Code of Operating Rules, visit up.com/ert/gcor.pdf. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing 2020 General Code of Operating Rules Committee, Class III / Short Line System Inventory to Determine 286,000 Lb (129,844 Kg) Railcar Operational Status in Kansas, Genesee & Wyoming Inc. 2016 Annual Report, Class III / Short Line System Inventory to Determine 286,000 Lb (129,844 Kg) Railcar Operational Status in Kansas and Determina, Federal Register/Vol. Get updates and special offers via email from Trains.com brands! Control Operator Employee assigned to operate a CTC or interlocking control machine or authorized to grant track permits. Copyright 2023 American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association, 50 F Street, N.W. There are many parts to it besides just the 'rule' book. As amendments are released via general order or special instruction, they will update the specific page that was affected. 3 (Reserved) Triple head inline signals are RTC controlled. Rather, its primary intention was to standardize operating practices to the extent practicable while still preserving the flexibility of individual railroads to either modify or omit rules at their discretion. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. CN has already upgraded to CTC or removed the signals from any remaining OCS-ABS territory, and the section on ABS rules has been removed from our version of the CROR. Details about GCOR eighth edition See original listing GCOR eighth edition Photos not available for this variation Condition: Like New Ended: Feb 02, 202311:30:11 PST Winning bid: US $5.00 [ 1 bid] Shipping: $4.35Economy Shipping| See details Located in: Azusa, California, United States Seller: thankschris(129) Seller's other items Click here to read more! - so far I can't find a downloadable 11th edition, which took effect mid-February this year. Measurements of body composition, anthropometry, biomarkers, and dietary intake were collected from baseline and at 12 and 18 mo. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program, This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. RAu`.c#3. 2d^?faDqb$!g0lOr` Og34`uaqSLBg[>s6\1ACY-'QQN0u|[#Iqy:^#y"Hn@9MI7(asF-]w1q). Canadian Operating Rules versus the General Code of Operating Rules. These are extra copies that were purchased new in 2017 for a short line railroad and never used. shimarin. Ume University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Although used as a reference book, the SCOR was primarily a matrix document, from which the industry could establish standard text and a common numbering system. They supersede all previous rules and instructions inconsistent therewith. endstream endobj 106 0 obj <> endobj 107 0 obj <> endobj 108 0 obj <> endobj 109 0 obj <>stream Dennis was a model railroader before his railroad career, and is the current acting vice president of the Folsom Eastern Railroad Company garden railway. Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 5 Signals and Their Use The GCOR is supplemented by System Special Instructions, Timetables, Hazardous Materials Instructions, Air Brake and Train Handling Instructions, and General Orders. In NG, protein intake, blood urea nitrogen and plasma IGF-1 were lower compared to CG at 12 and 18 mo. 4. Version 7 of the GCOR went into effect on April 1, 2015. No Expiration Date Come ride the rails with me! The newest edition of General Code of Operating Rules is now available to order. 12 Rules Applicable only in Automatic Train Stop (ATS) Territory Staggered ones are NOT RTC controlled. System Special instructions, Timetables, and General Order can modify or amend the General Code of Operating Rules. If someone wants it, PM me. Registration is coming soon! Thanks for all for their input. July 26-28, 2022 Background: High intake of protein and low intake of plant-based foods during complementary feeding can contribute to negative long-term health effects. Dark territory is "DCS" (Form D Control System) and the written authority is the Form D. Larry Resident Microferroequinologist (at least at my house)Everyone goes home; Safety begins with you My Opinion. And since not every aspect of railroading is regulated, they add additional rules as needed. Employees must have a copy of, be familiar with, and comply with all safety. JR Gelnar, Vice President, Safety & Compliance, ASLRRA Waterloo, Iowa is served by the Waterloo Regional airport (ALO) and is within an hours drive of the Eastern Iowa airport in Cedar Rapids (CID). The General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) is a set of operating rules for railroads in the United States. Apart from well documented cogn . Department of Nutrition, University of California, CA, Davis, United States. The final rule incorporates longstanding waivers for brake inspections, tests and equipment, while clarifying existing regulations and removing outdated provisions. The General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR). A block of rooms has been set aside and training will be held at the recently built Holiday Inn & Suites at 7400 Hudson Road in Cedar Falls, Iowa. Employees governed by these rules must have a current General Responsibilities Railroad Radio and Communication Rules Section Reserved Timetables Signals and Their Use Movement of Trains and Engines Switching Switches Block System Rules By signing up you may also receive occasional reader surveys and special offers from Trains magazine.Please view our, Get our weekly newsletter delivered to your inbox, Essentially the same under NORAC - just a difference in terminology. Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print. rules issued in a separate book or in another form. Union Pacific Rules UPRR - General Code of Operating Rules Seventh Edition Effective April 1, 2015 Includes Updates as of July 12, 2018 PB-20280 1.0 . Adopted by: There are no reviews yet. %%EOF edition Transition Guide. GCOR General Code of Operating Rules (Sixth Edition, effective April 7, 2010) . Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) rulebook. They must be familiar with and obey those rules and instructions. This compilation includes 192 complete issues of Garden Railways and access to every full-size drawing ever published! Dark territory is "DCS" (Form, My Opinion. Is CORA still a thing? Until recently, in fact, railroads rarely deviated from the original rules numbering system. GCOR Operating Rules, Seventh Edition dated April 1, 2015 in effect and GCOR Transition Guide, Eighth Edition April 1, 2020 found in IHB General Order 101. Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001 | Phone: (202) 628-4500 | Fax: (202) 567-2823, Comprehensive General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) Training Seminar. [2] Categories The full set of GCOR rules is divided into 19 categories. Our Canadian operating manual is huge. Something went wrong. The full set of GCOR rules is divided into 17 chapters. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. I assume that the BNSF and AMTRAK Seattle crews must be examined on both COR and GCOR. I am given to understand that this is one of the bigger differences in terminology. Comprehensive General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) Training Seminar July 26-28, 2022 Holiday Inn & Suites, BienVenu Event Center, Cedar Falls, IA ASLRRA has partnered with the Iowa Northern Railway to provide this Comprehensive General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) Training Seminar. Dave H. Painted side goes up. Sounds similar to up here, non-CTC signalled territory is OCS with ABS and you still need a OCS Clearance to operate in it, the signals by themselves do not give authority to occupy the main track. GCOR Rule 1.3.2 states that General Orders replace any rule, special instruction, or regulation that conflicts with the general order. Standard Disclaimers Apply. I am not qualified on the US rules. This amount is subject to change until you make payment. on July 26, 2022. The GCOR rules are intended to enhance railroad safety. This edition of the GCOR was superseded in 2020 and is now obsolete on most railroads. C.O.R.A. 10 Rules Applicable only in Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) System Special instructions, Timetables, and General Order can modify or amend the General Code of Operating Rules. Hotel and Shuttle: Garden Railways: The Complete Collection 1984-2015 DVD-ROM. Create structures that work in an outdoor setting. 10000 feet and no dynamics? DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1273 Corpus ID: 225317073; Long-term outcomes of stage IIB-IV melanoma patients: nationwide data from Norway. I wouldn't really know. Seventh Edition Effective April 1, 2020 Includes Updates as of April 20, 2023 PB-20280 1.0: GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES 2.0: RAILROAD RADIO AND COMMUNICATION RULES 3.0: Section Reserved 4.0: TIMETABLES 5.0: SIGNALS AND THEIR USE 6.0: MOVEMENT OF TRAINS AND ENGINES 7.0: SWITCHING 8.0: SWITCHES 9.0: BLOCK SYSTEM RULES Canadian Pacific D&H Railroad GCOR Eighth Edition 04.01.20 & Transition *NEW* GCOR General Code Of Operating Rules Effective April 2020 Currentl. In Canada main track dark territory is operated under the Occupancy Control System (OCS, not to be confused with On-Company Service), and a train's written authority is called a OCS Clearance. 11 Rules Applicable in ACS, ATC and ATS Territory It is my opinion that the BNSF and Amtrak Seattle crews are also examinated on the COR. Single head HIGH MAST signals are NOT RTC controlled. The result is the General Code of Operating Rules. I do not hve my Canadian rulebook here, and my daughter might have great difficulty finding it in whatever box she packed it. transessive1, thank you for the detailed discussion of the Canadian signals. 2020 Emergency Response Guidebook in effect. I believe dark territory is called Track Warrant Control (TWC, correct me if I am wrong here) and a train's written authority is called a track warrant. This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 23:05. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General Code of Operating Rules, https://en.everybodywiki.com/General Code of Operating Rules?action=history, https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=General_Code_of_Operating_Rules&oldid=3301816. View gcor.pdf from BMGT 1341 at Tarrant County College, South. 121 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5F23AA6BD0958F4FAE50C782ADCF118B>]/Index[105 52]/Info 104 0 R/Length 93/Prev 137473/Root 106 0 R/Size 157/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 8th Edition GCOR is now available to order! There were no group differences in body composition or growth. Use the link above to go directly to the ordering site, or go to ASLRRA's Safety and Compliance page and scroll down to the General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) under the Other Resources heading. This seems to be a master, with some rules or parts thereof optional for adoption by the individual railroads. 9 Block System Rules Operating Rules (GCOR), Eighth Edition, Effective April 1, 2020 and the Kansas City Terminal Train Dispatcher's and Control Operator's manual, as amended. AT CP 502: NS CHICAGO TERMINAL DISPATCHER - AAR: 046-046 PHONE: 470-463-1109 EAS CP 502 AND WAS OSBORN: IHB EAST DISPATCHER - AAR: 025-025 PHONE: 219-989-4742 OSBORN AND CP HIGHLAND: NS PENNSY DISPATCHER - AAR: 063-063 PHONE: 470-463-1125 4. To have the references available in one place: Transition guide from GCOR 6th edition to 7th edition (PDF). Subscribers, sign in to access exclusive content. B. %PDF-1.3 % Revisions: Timetable Special Instructions: 1.REFERENCES to GCOR 6.32.2 A - Modified Effective 0600 4/28/2020, references to "GOR 6.32.2 A" within special instructions 2408 Rusty Rail, page 120 and 2411 Other Than Main Track, page 122 must be changed to "GOR 6.32.2 , procedure 1". ASLRRA Seeking Nominations for Its Board of Directors ASLRRA is seeking nominations for several open regional board seats. IHB Air Brake & Equipment Handling Rules dated February 1, 2016 effect. Beginners The General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR), Rules intended to enhance railroad safety. Standard Disclaimers Apply. As Jeff mentioned, individual railroads will have changes to the 'universal' editions. GCOR 7th edition (PDF) Transition guide from GCOR 6th edition to 7th edition (PDF) 10th edition NORAC (PDF) - so far I can't find a downloadable 11th edition, which took effect mid-February this year. Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) A block system that uses block signal indications to authorize train movements. Even rulebooks with identical phraseology could be interpreted and applied differently on different railroads. I understand that if there is only one head, the signal is simply a lineside signal and so is permissive; if two or more heads are present, the signal is an interlocking signal and therefore is absolute. Registration includes three days of training with an online assessment and Certificate of Completion awarded upon successful completion, plus daily lunch & refreshment breaks in the meeting area; daily breakfast provided in hotel dining area. Get your questions about railroads and railroading answered. 4 Timetables 2 Railroad Radio and Communication Rules Classes. 1.3.1 Rules, Regulations, and Instructions. TheShort Line Safety Institute's (SLSI) training program for short-line hazardous materials professionals has effectively provided crucial safety information that is "highly valued" by participants, according to SLSI analyses. My previous topic about Canadian built locomotives built for US railroads that operate in Canada has led me to ask another question: Outside of different terminalogy (as RTC for Dispatcher), how do the COR differ from the GCOR? This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02634749. General Code of Operating Rules. GENERAL CODE OF OPERATING RULES Third Edition Effective -April 10, 1994 These rules herein govern the operation of the railroads listed and must be complied with by all employees regardless of gender whose duties are in any way affected thereby. This page was kept on Wikipedia check: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General Code of Operating Rules https://en.everybodywiki.com/General Code of Operating Rules?action=history. In line ones are stop signals when red and ARE RTC controlled. The GCOR is supplemented by System Special Instructions, Timetables, Hazardous Materials Instructions, Air Brake and Train Handling Instructions, and General Orders. 8 Switches All signals in Canada do have numbers. Be the first one to, GCOR General Code of Operating Rules (Sixth Edition, effective April 7, 2010), Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, General Code of Operating Rules Committee, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). From 6 to 18 mo, NG was supplied with Nordic homemade baby food recipes, protein-reduced baby food products, and parental support. The General Code of Operating Rules Committee (GCOR) and the Operating Rules Association (ORA) are federations of railroad operating rules officers with common interest in the evolving advancement and common safety for their employees, customers and the general public while supporting the best interest of the nation. edition rule book, IHB has elected to print and distribute the GCOR 8. th. Using federal laws, mandates and orders as a basis, the Committee attempts to translate these official documents (often in legalese) into rules the average railroader can understand and apply. Clarification, TWC is a track authority that is used outside of CTC, it is used in both signaled and non-signaled territory. while traveling across Canada, all signals along the line, whether lineside or interlocking, have numbers. 16 Rules Applicable only in Direct Traffic Control (DTC) Territory Any comments are appreciated. Conclusions: Introduction of a predominantly plant-based, protein-reduced diet as part of complementary feeding is feasible and can increase fruit and vegetable intake. 1 General Responsibilities Gary Wolf with Wolf Railway Consulting has released a 435-page, full color handbook "The Complete Field Guide to Modern Derailment Investigation" to assist you in analyzing any type of derailment you may be faced with. 8th Edition GCOR is now available to order! 2023 byCoach.Corp. CG followed the current Swedish dietary recommendations. #Azure #Administrator #Architect #AZ104 #AZ305 https://lnkd.in/dJ2nxNzC Attendees must bring their Eighth Edition GCOR for reference; training will cover chapters 1 - 10, 14 and 15. They represent the subdivision milage to the nearest tenth. Few railroad passenger vehicles have had as long a lifespan as the Budd Rail Diesel Car. . [citation needed]. The final rule extends the period of time "off air" from 4 hours to 24 hours. Guide 8th Edition dated May 1, . 76, No. The three-day training seminar is intended for railroads who have adopted the GCOR as their operating rules and may be used to meet operating rules training as required by 49 CFR Part 240, 242 and 214 Subpart C. Attendees will have an opportunity to participate in daily interactive discussions with peers and regulatory experts. I would imagine CTC and OCS (Track Warrant) rules are likely different. Staggered ones are treated the exact same as single headed ones with the exception being you're less likely to see an 'A' letter plate on a staggered one. Copyright 1995-2023 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. The current version of the GCOR is the Eighth Edition, effective April 1, 2020. Sept. 28-30, while the final course discussing the General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR), eighth edition, will be held Oct. 26-28, and is open for registration. My website : wnbranch.com. Uploaded by Gary Wolf with Wolf Railway Consulting has released a 435-page, full color handbookThe Complete Field Guide to Modern Derailment Investigationto assist you in analyzing any type of derailment you may be faced with. gcor-rules Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s200qp9xbvc Ocr tesseract 5.1.0-1-ge935 Ocr_autonomous true Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1.0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 1.0000 They supersede all previous rules and instructions inconsistent therewith. Holiday Inn & Suites, BienVenu Event Center, Cedar Falls, IA. }, author={Anna K Winge-Main and Trude Eid Robsahm and Marta Nyakas and Gry Festervoll and Einar Bj{\o}rner Torkilseng and Signe . I understand that if there is only one head, the signal is simply a lineside signal and so is permissive; if two or more heads are present, the signal is an interlocking signal and therefore is absolute. Antique Guilloche Enamel Compact. 1.3 Rules. And is it just a combination of rulebooks, or does it add to them? 77, No. Our community is FREE to join. The full set of GCOR rules is divided into 19 categories. 13 Rules Applicable only in Automatic Cab Signal (ACS) Territory Travel: To participate you must either login or register for an account. Join Today! 3. These rules govern the operation of the adopting railroads. TIMETABLE SPECIAL INSTRUCTION 2003 - IHB NEW HIRE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - ADDED 12/4/2021 Free shipping for many products! Essentially the same under NORAC - just a difference in terminology. Unlimited Members, sign in to enjoy sitewide access. View cart for details. Click here to visit Wolf Railway Consulting's web site for more information. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program, Varies based on location and shipping method. From 4 to 6 mo, NG participants received repeated exposures of Nordic taste portions. Members - $425; Non-Members - $850 The train dispatchers and control operators must have a copy of the rules and instructions for train dispatchers and control operators. General Responsibilities Railroad Radio and Communication Rules Section Reserved Timetables Conrail, Amtrak, and several commuter and short line railroads in the northeastern United States use the NORAC rulebook. Vintage Fancy Silver Tone Beveled Hand Mirror W/ Guilloche Medallion. 78/Friday, April 22, 2011/Notices, State Freight and Passenger Rail Plan in August of 2018, Railamerica, Inc. 2001 Annual Report Company Profile. More Items From eBay. 2020 Emergency Response Guidebooks are now availablefrom vendors such as Labelmaster, The Railway Educational Bureauand JJ Keller! Proudlycreated with Wix.com. BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and childbirth are significant events in many women's lives, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms increases during this vulnerable period. On April 14, 1887 representatives of 48 railroads voted for the adoption of what is now known as the Standard Code of Operating Rules (SCOR), published by the American Association of Railroads (AAR). There are numerous changes to the most recent version. By the 1850s, railroad operating rules, often printed as pamphlets or on the back of a time card, had evolved to near universal application on all/most railroads. Safety Rules. !$3~b`$Abf 0 $| For more than 30 years, Dennis has been involved in the railroad industry, including the founding of a steam locomotive restoration project, starting a short line railroad company, working as engineer, brakeman and track maintenance worker on three railroads, providing employee safety and operations training, and teaching railroad career subjects at a community college. Objectives: To investigate the effects of a protein-reduced, Nordic complementary diet on body composition, growth, biomarkers, and dietary intake, compared with current Swedish dietary recommendations for infants at 12 and 18 mo. There are two types of HIGH MAST double head signals. GCOR 8. th. I believe that my question has been answered. The GCOR rules are intended to enhance railroad safety. If you want to keep this page on Everybodywiki, revert the last edit (undo) in the history. edition dated April 1 . It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available. Thus, all railroad rulebooks in North America today have as their foundation the SCOR in both development and application. Why Sign In? endstream endobj startxref The newest edition of General Code of Operating Rules is now available to order. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [1], Some railroads will maintain what they call a "living rulebook." [2] Most railroads are using the Seventh Edition, effective April 1, 2015. and supersede all previous GCOR rules and instructions. Infants in NG consumed 42% to 45% more fruits and vegetables compared to CG at 12 and 18 mo, which was reflected in a higher plasma folate at 12 and 18 mo. The nomination period ends at close of business on Sept. 30. hS[@+R6'3"$0Y$=g Some railroads modify the GCOR rules to suit their specific operations. Get the newest photos, videos, stories, and more from Trains.com brands. 0 http://davewisniewski.com/bletdiv4/documents/rules/Operating%20Rules%20Book%2001%2001%202015.pdf, http://0924.utu.org/Files/[3100]2014%20CSX%20Rule%20Book.pdf. You will never see an R or an A together because they're contradictory.
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