Given that, what was the social and economic landscape of Haiti in the years leading up to the revolution? The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island. The name of the Spanish side, Santo Domingo, would be literally translated as "Holy Sunday" and in French it would be "Saint Dimanche". While the southern republic did not have as much focus on economic development, and put more attention on liberal land distribution and education, the northern kingdom went on to become relatively wealthy, though wealth distribution was disputed. The unrest in Haiti moved France to send various agents there to try to quell the uprising. This is an episode index for Mike Duncan's fabulous Revolutions Podcast. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations, burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve". Philippe Girard, "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal," William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012). Seasons began with one or two episodes dedicated to the pre-history of the revolution and its causes, sometimes highlighting when and how the revolution could have been avoided. [15] Saint-Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world, indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century. The portrait of Belley by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies, creating a stark dichotomy between the refinement of Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint-Domingue, through the bust of Raynal and the figure of Belley, respectively. Essentially, the owners were OK with working their slaves to death, or punishing them with death, and buying more slaves. [25] Raynal's Enlightenment philosophy went deeper than a prediction and reflected many similar philosophies, including those of Rousseau and Diderot. [104] The Haitians burned down Logne and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James writing of Dessalines's actions at Logne: "Men, women and children, indeed all the whites who came into his hands, he massacred. On 24 October 2017, Duncan published The Storm Before The Storm, a non-fiction work which explores Rome between 14678 BC, the period predating the end of the Roman Republic. Anti-abolitionist critics of the revolution dubbed it "the horrors of Santo Domingo". [14], The colony's white population numbered 40,000; mulattoes and free blacks, 28,000; and black slaves, an estimated 452,000. The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. Though the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90million francs in 1838, Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947. He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote, he "amused himself with sexual pleasures, military balls, banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune".[114]. distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution. [107], The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the Battle of Vertires on 18 November 1803, leading the first-ever group of slaves to successfully create an independent state through a slave revolt. Appendix 1- Coming Full Circle. Within the first couple of years, Toussaint LOuverture arose as a leader. [105] General Dugua was killed, Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead. Enjoy! [114] Trapped, engaged in a vicious race war, and with much of his army dying of yellow fever, Rochambeau fell to pieces. "Causes of the Haitian Revolution." Two-thirds of the slaves were African born, and they tended to be less submissive than those born in the Americas and raised in slave societies. [65] However, everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people. This was followed by a series of retrospective episodes, taking a broader look at the structure of revolution. By this point, his armies had made great strides. Its important to discuss Haiti because of its significance within the narrative of the political revolutions of the 18th century. Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners. His theory was that if French forces were able to capture Toussaint LOuverture everything else would fall apart afterward. [14] They used the threat and acts of physical violence to maintain control and suppress efforts at rebellion. As such, they were demanding their rights as Frenchmen which had been granted by the king. [79] The overall forces in St Domingue was at that time under the command of the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, Sir Adam Williamson. The most powerful group was the grand blancs, or the Big Whites. These were the plantation owners and the elite. In parallel to the killings, plundering and rape also occurred. [43] One such sign was the action of the French revolutionary government to grant citizenship to wealthy free people of color in May 1791. A Muddy Knees Media production for BBC Radio 4. The new governor of Jamaica, Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, urged Maitland not to withdraw from Mole St Nicholas. The National Convention abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies, and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies. The Haitian Revolution, which took place between 1791-1804, is significant because Haiti is the only country where slave freedom was taken by force. [38] Similarly, Peter Adamson mentioned Duncan as one of the reasons he started his History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps podcast. More. Starting in the 1730s, French engineers constructed complex irrigation systems to increase sugarcane production. The Haitian Revolution. [84] Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint, but in a counter-offensive, Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive. Available on. A weekly podcasting exploring great political revolutions. Louverture worked with a French general, tienne Laveaux, to ensure that all slaves would be freed. [125] The affranchi lite, who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power. When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters, they were subject to whipping or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning, the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves. Then there were the petit blancs, or the Little Whites. These were tradespeople: shopkeepers, merchants, overseers, the former indentured servants who had gotten their freedom and now worked in smaller aspects of the economy. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. [95] According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics, "Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers. [90], Between 1793 and 1798, the expedition to Saint-Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or permanently disabled from the effects of yellow fever. from the French population. Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Howard I. Blustein, Kathryn T. Johnston, David S. McMorris, Frederick P. Munson. Help us out by filling out this survey Travel to Japan With Me here . [64] On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Also in 1789, there was a major drought in Haiti and a food shortage. We look at the life of revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture, confront the atrocities committed against the people of Haiti and the literal price they were forced to pay for their freedom. Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? [71] During the course of 1794, most of the British forces were killed by yellow fever, the dreaded "black vomit" as the British called it. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book Store Sept. 13 . They temporarily abolished slavery in parts of Haiti to deal with their own problems because they were being attacked by the British and the Spanish, who wanted into the colony as well. Show Revolutions, Ep 4.19- The History of Haiti - Apr 17, 2016 [83] On 7 June 1797, Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was as noted for its professionalism as for its ferocity. It was the only successful slave revolt in modern times. [135] In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black,[136] it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government, as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ("non-Haitians;" foreigners) from owning land. Those who refused were slaughtered. Michle Montas witnessed the impact from the control room of Radio Haiti-Inter, which carefully began challenging the dictatorship of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier after Carter said U.S. aid would depend on the growth of a civil society. Direct Link: 4.01- Saint-Domingue. A top critic who significantly drove Toussaint into fear of backlash from France was Sonthonax, who was responsible for many outlooks of Haiti in the French newspapers. The word revolution means coming full circle, so it seems like the best way to begin the end. In 1789 the French Revolution began with a cry for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The British force that landed in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the colony, being capable only of holding only few coastal enclaves. [68] On 4 February, Dufay gave a speech to the convention arguing that abolishing slavery was the only way to keep the colony in control of the French, and that former slaves would willingly work to restore the colony. Dessalines won a string of victories against Leclerc and Rochambeau, becoming arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France.[118]. Akamefula, Tiye, Camille Newsom, Burgey Marcos, and Jong Ho. "I sort of stumbled into it, so I was reading a ton of Livy at the time, and a ton of Suetonius, and then I had just gotten into Tacitus. In cooperation with their former mulatto rivals, blacks ended the Revolution in November 1803 when they decidedly defeated the French Army at the Battle of Vertires. In it, the new head of state made the case for the new nation's objective: the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti. These valedictory moments assess, with poignant but unsparing clarity, both the rulers who ultimately couldn't save the old order and the revolutionary firebrands . [105] All of the French assaults ended in total failure, and after the failure of their last attack, the Haitians charged the French, cutting down any Frenchmen. Contrarily, Petion was beloved by his people, but despised by his northern counterpart. The Code Noir required 2 1/2 pounds of manioc and either two pounds of salt beef or three pounds of fish every week, but generally most slaves only got a few potatoes and a little bit of water every day. He further thought that taking Saint-Domingue, the richest of the French colonies, would be a useful bargaining chip in eventual peace negotiations with France, and in the interim, occupying Saint-Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury. Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on Europeans' demand for sugar. [Update: I also now realize you can't get the street view guy on this map but you should still go drop in on Place Joachim du Bellay to get an idea of what this all looked like. The podcast covers the time period from the origin of the Roman Kingdom to the fall of the Western Roman Empire, focusing on the most accepted chain of events according to historical consensus. [158] A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans who were severely discriminated against by colonial society and the law. Here is an episode indexfor his fabulous The History of Rome Podcast Episode 000: Introduction The English Civil War The American Revolution The French Revolution The Haitian Revolution More than a translation from Spanish is a corruption. Finally, in 1819, the new mulatto leader, Jean-Pierre Boyer, sent six regiments into the Grand-Anse to ferret out Goman. 17911804 slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, Haitian resistance and scorched-earth tactics, Rebellion against reimposition of slavery, Dessalines and Ption join Haitian forces, Influence on other abolitionist and post-colonial movements, Relationship between the French and Haitian Revolutions. [164] Just as the French were successful in transforming their society, so were the Haitians. [176] Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint's decision of declaring independence from France. From that ceremony, they set out and attacked plantations, burn them down, and kill all of the white planters they came across. [83] Service in Saint-Domingue was extremely unpopular in the British Army owing to the terrible death toll caused by yellow fever. [117] Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803, Napoleon accepted defeat in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere. A major effort by Christophe to take Port-au-Prince in mid1812 failed. On 16 November 1803, Dessalines began attacking the French blockhouses outside of Le Cap. Duncan was born in Redmond, Washington, and attended Western Washington University, attaining a degree in political science with a minor in philosophy. [83] On 10 May 1798, Maitland met with Toussaint to agree to an armistice, and on 18 May the British left Port-au-Prince. Posted by: Girard, Philippe. [120] The Haitians had paid a high price for their freedom, losing about 200,000 dead between 1791 and 1803, and unlike the majority of the European dead, who were killed by yellow fever, the majority of the Haitian dead were the victims of violence.[45]. [84], On 11 April 1797, Colonel Thomas Maitland of the 62nd Regiment of Foot landed in Port-au-Prince, and wrote in a letter to his brother that British forces in Saint-Domingue had been "annihilated" by the yellow fever. Everyonequite rightlylived in terror of everyone else. This relatively privileged class was chiefly born in the Americas, while the under-class born in Africa labored hard, and often under abusive and brutal conditions. At Le Cap, when Rochambeau hanged 500 blacks, Dessalines replied by killing 500 whites and sticking their heads on spikes all around Le Cap, so that the French could see what he was planning on doing to them. "[9], Duncan began The History of Rome in 2007, after failing to find any good podcasts about ancient history. 03 April 2017 at 06:45 AM. David P. Geggus. It seems to have been a rather slow burning spark between 1789 and 1791. In 1789, there was a population of 40,000 whites and 500,000 slaves. Not too long after, Boyer was able to secure cooperation with the general of the neighboring Spanish Haiti, and in February 1822 began a 22 year long unification with the eastern state. [115], Women and children were generally killed last. Listen to this episode from Revolutions on Spotify. While acknowledging the cross-influences, most contemporary historians[who?] [76], Rigaud had checked the British in the south, taking the town of Logne by storm and driving the British back to Port-au-Prince. On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Franais, which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. Michael William Duncan is an American political history podcaster and author. The colony was not only the most profitable possession of the French colonial empire, but it was the wealthiest and most prosperous colony in the Caribbean. [107] Under the terms of surrender, Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in Saint-Domingue, that blacks could be officers in the French Army, and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army. This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs. Napoleon then turned his attention towards France's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia. [145] The Greeks later received support from President Boyer during their fight against the Ottomans. Arthur S. | Mulatto domination of politics and economics, and urban life after the revolution, created a different kind of two-caste society, as most Haitians were rural subsistence farmers. [114] (Other sources suggest the dogs may have been dogo cubanos sourced in their hundreds from Cuba rather than Jamaica. As the French retreated, Haiti, which had once been called the "Pearl of the Antilles", the richest French colony in the world, was impoverished, as its economy was in ruins after the revolution. The sugar planters, or grands blancs (literally, "big whites"), were chiefly minor aristocrats. In Dublin and Cork, soldiers from the 104th, 105th, 111th, and 112th regiments rioted when they learned that they were being sent to Saint-Domingue. They were hoping to have those freedoms. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book Store Sept. 13 Denver -- Tattered Cover (Aspen Grove) Sept. 14 Dallas -- Interrobang Books Sept. 15 Austin -- Bookpeople Sept. 16 Houston -- Brazos Books Sept. 19 New Orleans -- Garden District Book Shop Sept. 20 Atlanta -- Carter Center w/ A Capella Books Sept. 21 Chapel Hill -- Flyleaf Books Sept. 22 Raleigh -- Quail Ridge Books Sept. 24 Winston-Salem -- Bookmarks Book Festival, The word revolution means coming full circle, so it seems like the best way to begin the end. After not finding any Roman history podcasts in 2007, Duncan began The History of Rome, a narrative podcast chronicling events from the founding of Rome until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Kate Hodgson, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in French at the University of Liverpool, Tim Lockley, Reader in American Studies at the University of Warwick, Karen Salt, Fellow in History in the School of Language and Literature at the University of Aberdeen, Kate Hodgson at the University of Liverpool, Joan Dayan, Haiti, History and the Gods (University of California Press, 1998), Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2004), Carolyn E. Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below (University of Tennessee Press, 1990), John D. Garrigus, Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), David P. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies (Indiana University Press, 2002), David P. Geggus (ed. White women were "often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death". Saint-Domingue's free people of color, or gens de couleur libres, numbered more than 28,000. [131][132] The massacrewhich took place in the entire territory of Haitiwas carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804. Since white planters refused to comply with this decision, within two months isolated fighting broke out between the former slaves and the whites. In November 1803 slaves managed to defeat the greatest European military power. 00:00. Mike became especially interested in Roman history while reading his grandfather's paperback version of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 03 April 2017 at 10:09 AM. [114] Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes. Rand, David. [160] Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million. [60] Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was Pitt's Secretary of State for War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists that promised to restore the Ancien Rgime, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson. When the colonial governor refused, Og led a brief 300-man insurgency in the area around Le Cap, fighting to end racial discrimination in the area. The exiles causing the most alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners. [2], Describing himself as "a complete history geek," Duncan also has an interest in American history. [47] The long years of oppression by the planters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites, and the revolt was marked by extreme violence from the very start. The gens de couleur are interesting: they were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. 06 December 2015 at 09:56 PM. 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. [29] The book was received positively by numerous important outlets including The New Yorker,[30] Publishers Weekly[31] and The New Republic. [3][4], Before starting the History of Rome, he worked as a fishmonger; he was in the fish trade most of the time he was recording the podcast. [61][62] The American journalist James Perry notes that the great irony of the British campaign in Saint-Domingue was that it ended as a complete debacle, costing the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead, all for nothing. In the letter, he emphasized that he was fighting for liberty, equality, and fraternitypicking up these concepts directly from the French revolution.
Brazos County Justice Web,
Durham University Timetable Checker,
Pill Bottle Homemade Hot Rail Pipe,
Articles R